The Invention Of The Automobile Industry - 1429 Words

Before we begin, let us first look at the history of the automobile to better understand the industry’s roots and its growth. Technological innovations have driven the automobile industry since the very first car was ever created. Utilizing the steam engine, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot was able to create the first vehicle capable of human transportation. Only 40 years later, Francois Isaac de Rivaz engineered an automobile that was powered by an internal combustion engine, using hydrogen as its fuel source. 80 years after Rivaz, Karl Benz invented the first gasoline powered car. Henry Ford may not have been the inventor of the automobile, nor was he the mastermind behind the assembly line. Instead, Henry Ford had the genius to†¦show more content†¦As more and more consumers use digital channels to buy cars, such as Carfax to check on the history of the car before buying or Craigslist to buy directly from the owner, manufacturers must prepare to sell online as well. While in itial sales may see a significant increase, competition from online retailers may increase as well and the entire dealership model may cease to exist. In fact, Tesla is already selling their used cars on their website, allowing for a wholly online purchase of their vehicles. Manufacturers and dealers must be aware of their online presence and make sure to follow digital trends in order to stay ahead of their competition. Technology doesn’t only apply to online sales; it also includes the technological demand from consumers who want their car to help increase the overall mobility of their lives. The graph below shows the comparison of projected manufacturing numbers for cars with and without internet connectivity: Consumers are not the only ones shaping the automotive industry, by 2020 global sales in emerging markets are expected to increase from 50% to 60%. While increased sales are a good thing, the current supply and production locations may not be able to meet these sales projections. Another threat to manufacturers is the unfortunate fact that certain styles of cars tend to sell more than others in emerging markets, potentially creating an unbalanced and unstable manufacturing line for them in the future should they pursue thatShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitely the biggest invention on history changing the way humans transport. In the past, there were no vehicles and therefore people used to walk while only the few lucky had the privilege of enjoying a horse ride. There were also horse wagons which were made in order to increase the number of persons who could be carried (Lynn, 54). However, in the year 1907, Henry Ford invented the first car model which was referred to as T model, that allowed everyone to own a automobile. In this paper I willRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1450 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: One of the most innovative inventions of the 19th century was the invention of the automobile. It is clear that the automobile industry has changed the way people and goods travel. The industry basely existed until a man named Henry Ford made the automobile accessible to the public. He put into full motion what we now know today as the automobile industry. Henry Ford had both changed the automobile industry, as well as the manufacturing industry. Ford did this with the way he used theRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a well known proverb that applies to many industries that goes â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention,† but, when it comes to the automobile industry it’s hard to say necessity was the main driving force, as opposed to, say, money. The mechanics of an automobile, and most other power-based machines, revolve around the invention of the internal combustion engine in the early 1860’s and it’s later commercialized application; at first it was more of a luxury item but soon after investorsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe automobile industry is said to have its beginnings dating to the 19th century. Gottieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, of Germany, fitted their engine into a stagecoach in 1886 (Kin dersley, 2011, 10). They were both successful at creating the first four-wheeled, gas-engine vehicle. It reached a top speed of ten miles per hour. Each engine was still being fitted into stagecoaches (Kindersley, 2011, 10). The industrial revolution introduced a wide array of new ideas for the automobile. The ideas rangedRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry915 Words   |  4 Pages(US) with the automobile. It has often been pictured in media as a staple of the middle class life, a sign of prosperity, and a symbol of freedom. The birth of the worldwide auto industry happened in the US. Cars in some form or another had already existed around the world but they were labor intensive to produce and without a supply the market considered them more of an interesting novelty than a must have product. Henry Ford revolutionized the nascent automobile industry with the developmentRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1832 Words   |  8 Pagesworld published in 1990 is an example of unity of purpose which created an alternate epistemology of the automobile industry for the discerning audience. It is a tightly knit teamwork of three senior managers of the IMVP led by Jim Womack, Daniel T. Jones Daniel Ross and a collective endeavor of several associates and advisors. The book offers a panorama of key concerns in automotive industry based on a research, which took place over a period of five years at a cost of $5 million dollars at MassachusettsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of the Automobile, A Turning Point in History One could argue that one of the best inventions of the 1900’s was the Model T Ford or Tin Lizzie. The invention of the automobile has certainly left an indelible mark on the American Society. Consequently, the automobile has become the center of an extraordinary industry with the assembly lines and mass production techniques. These elements have essentially revolutionized the automobile industry. The Model T Ford made car travel affordableRead MoreThe Automobile Industry Influenced The American Economy1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1769, the first automobile, a steam-powered carriage that would carry up to four people at two miles per hour, was created. Years pass as gasoline engines, wheels, and a steering device were added to the automobile, which began to make it useful but expensive (â€Å"The Invention of Automobiles†). They were hand-crafted at this time, therefore making it unaffordable. Until Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1913, automobiles remained expensive. His discovery of the assembly line turned theRead MoreInvention of the Combustion Engine1570 Words   |  7 Pagesinventors and engineers developed a practical, effective internal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the first practical internal combustion engine which after many modificationsRead MoreThe Invention Of Automobiles : A Turning Point For Life852 Words   |  4 Pageswake up and go through his or her daily routines: showering, eating breakfast, and getting ready to go to work or school. Then they go outside or into the garage and get in their vehicle, one of the best inventions man has created. With a car almost anything is possible. The invention of automobiles was a turning point for life in America. Cars gave us the possibility of a brighter future by offering us quicker travels, relief of harsh elements, and the expansion of economic potential. Hundreds of

NOTA - Progress or Regress to Democracy - 2977 Words

NOTA - PROGRESS OR REGRESS TO DEMOCRACY? TABLE OF CONTENTS †¢ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 †¢ Meaning Of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 †¢ History of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 †¢ Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 †¢ Methodology Adopted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 †¢ NOTA-wider choice for voters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 a. Constitutional importance of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 b. Not so bane to give cleaner insight for electoral system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 †¢ Cleaner politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 a. Right to reject- A steps to towards immaculate the politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 b. Good governance for protection of Human Rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 †¢ Grounds to uphold progressive nature of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 †¢ Grounds for facilitating regressive nature of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 †¢ Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 †¢ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...15 †¢ Annexure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 INTRODUCTION The Universal adult Franchise is the basic means to the democratic government for the enlightenment of common man and good governance. There is a great demand at this hour for the inclusion of ‘None of the above’ option in the EVMs . India has the world’s largest democracy and NOTA being revolutionary aspect evolve wide-reaching implications on the valuable voting choice made by the people for better democracy. Not only the voter participation will increase but also politics is decriminalized byShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCommunication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress Chapter 5 Estimating Times and Costs 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system

Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module Free Essays

In the case study, a young adult male cat, neutered and aged between four and five years old, undergoes extreme modifications in behavior in response to the birth of a newborn child to the owner-couple. The domestic short-hair lives in a single-cat household and prior to the birth of the first baby and the baby’s subsequently learning to crawl, the cat made appropriate use of 24-hour outside access, toileting outside in an acceptable fashion. Since the baby in the household learnt to crawl, the cat has started unrinating in the upstairs area of the house and squatting in various different locations. We will write a custom essay sample on Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cat also began grooming excessively. Based on this case study information, several determinations can be made about the causal factors relating to the behavioral issues displayed by the cat. For obvious reasons relating to the general health of the household, the cat’s behavior poses several hazards. One principle explanation for the behavior change, however, is the presence of the first child and the cat’s perception of the child, now mobile and a perceived presence from the cat’s perspective, as a treat to the cat’s perceived territory in the house. The explanation for the behavioral issues rests upon the fact that cats sometimes undertake urine spraying or urine marking because of territorial disputes, during aggressive conflicts, and even during sexual encounters. The spray produced is pungent and designed to ward off potential predators or competitors. In the case study, the cat clearly fields that the child, crawling and thereby presenting what must be a visible threat to the cat, is a predator or a threat of some general kind to the cat’s domination of the household, his territory. The objective of marking the territory is to establish its boundaries and ward off the child. It is classic cat behavior to advertise their presence in a territory by spraying visually conspicuous sites. Since cats naturally look to â€Å"time share† territories, marks enable the cats to space themselves out and prevent unwanted encounters. Cats can identify the urine marks so track can be kept of their neighbours (Hart, 1980a). Spraying serves to bring the male and female together during the breeding season. It is often done at a height convenient for sniffing (Beaver, 1992). Cats that spray urine inside their homes are classically prevented from doing so by neutering. Since the cat in the case study is already neutered, other measures must be undertake to curb the behavior. Most often, spraying is undertaken by reproductively intact males. Females spray as well, but less rarely. In one study conducted by the ASPCA, 77 percent of cats stopped or significantly reduced spraying within six months. Ten percent of male cats neutered before 10 months of age will still spray as adults. In households with numerous cats, at least one cat will likely spray, even if all the cats are neutered (ASPCA, 2007). Cats can become jealous upon the arrival of a new baby and this is particularly since the presence of a new child leaves the parents, the cat’s owners, exhausted and turmoil of a new baby, the cat is often neglected. This creates and exacerbates resentment about the presence of the child. Of course, it should not be ruled out that medical problems could be the cause of the cat’s unusual behavior. At the very least, this must be investigated as a potential cause. Medical problems such as diarrhea, urinary bladder inflammation, and the condition polydipsia or polyuria may promote unusual behavior from the cat. The signs of these problems include soft to watery diarrhea, which may indicate a problem in the small intestine, or mucus visible in the stool, along with blood, which suggests an inflamed colon or colitis. Urinary bladder infections may include FUS, bacterial infection, calculi or bladder stones, and tumors. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, adrenal gland disease, pyometra, and hypercalcemia are all possible medical causes for spraying and urinating in the house (ASPCA, 2007). If the baby were not present in the house it would be viable to note that females in heat, male spraying, other cats outdoors, over-crowding indoors, and the possible presence of testicular tissue remaining and producing low level hormones. Overcrowding, unchained litter, interrupted access to liter boxes, a change in litter type, and the presence of objectionable chemicals may be causing the problem. Psychological stress factors such as moving to a new environment or undergoing a change in routine can leave cats of any age bewildered and under considerable psychological stress. Overall, cats are loners and avoid interactions with other cats, except when with a mate, with young, or if several cats belong to the one household. The area traveled during normal activities is known the home range (Beaver, 1992; Bradshaw, 1992; Thorne, 1992). It is much larger for males than for females (Bradshaw, 1992) and the range may overlap other animals’ ranges (Thorne, 1992). Studies on free-ranging cats (Fox, 1975), showed that cats have a home territory and a home range that consists of places for resting, sunbathing and watching. A network of paths connects places and people may visit them regularly. Cats have an order of dominance in a neighborhood, which depends on time and place. If a low-ranking cat has already entered a narrow passageway and a high-ranking cat enters, the less dominant animal will sit and wait until the way is clear. Cats go to great lengths to avoid meeting another cat on a pathway, and chance face-to-face encounters lead to fighting and chasing and the development of a dominant–subordinate relationship. Subordinate males are pushed around in a dominant male’s home range. They essentially become nomads (Liberg, 1981, cited in Thorne, 1992). If a group of cats is maintained in colony pens, they need to be provided with shelves so they can ‘own’ one and retreat there from other cats (Hart, 1980). The cats work out an arrangement where certain ones use the floor at different times to others. Rubbing may help reinforce social positions, with subordinate individuals generally rubbing more dominant conspecifics (Macdonald, Apps, Carr and Kerby, 1987). The socialization period is the time when all primary social bonds are formed and is the most important period during the cat’s life (Beaver, 1992). Active social con tact with more than one adult cat at some crucial development stage is necessary for an adult cat to adapt later to social living conditions (Bradshaw, 1992). Given this, the lack of socialization with a new infant introduced to a household is going to cause problems and, after official confirmation that there are no medical explanations for the cat’s unusual behavior, the likely best response will involve heavy bonding efforts to help the cat overcome feelings of displacement, in addition to efforts to help the cat to perceive the baby as a non-threat to its territory. SECTION B: To modify the behavior of the cat in the case study, several steps need to be undertaken to ensure that the cause of the problem is properly assessed and to assure that the problem does become resolved as quickly and as efficiently as possible. The first step in the behavioral modification process will be to identify the reasons that they cat is spraying. Presumably, the new baby is the issue, however, it is necessary as a precautionary measure at least to have the cat subjected to a physical examination by a qualified vet. Physical problems can lead to inappropriate urination and spraying and should at least be ruled out before any psychological issues are investigated. To assess the psychological state of the cats it is quite important to begin by discouraging other cats from hanging around outside the home, if there are any signs that cats are doing this. Ideally, one of the various types of commercially available motion-activated devices, such as the Critter Gitterâ„ ¢, the Scarecrowâ„ ¢, or the Scraminalâ„ ¢, serve the function to frighten outdoor cats away. The Scat Matâ„ ¢ and the Sofa Saverâ„ ¢ can be used to keep outdoor cats away from doors and windows if there is evidence that other cats are coming this close to the house (ASPCA, 2007). Although it is not likely that this type of territorial issue is in play in the case study, the cat’s owners would to well to investigate and rule out the possibility. Multiple factors could easily be in play since the cat’s behavior is altered so drastically and since there is evidence that it is only since the new baby began crawling that the cat’s urination and spraying have been a problem. If the cat is spraying in several locations, areas should be made less appealing. Commercially available are such deterrent systems as Ssscatâ„ ¢ may be used and the cat’s owners might also try establishing a different behavioral pattern in the sprayed locations by placing items that stimulate behaviors incompatible with spraying, such as the food dish or toys in the appropriate locations. A litter box may also be placed in each location to try to establish the same change in behavioral pattern. The ultimate treatment objective is to revolve the cat’s sense of insecurity in their home environment. Any form of direct punishment is to be avoided. Punishment simply makes the cat feel more insecure. If the cat has singled out one new person to be the target of marking, as in this case, the baby, it is helpful to have the child present and seeming to participate in the feeding of the cat as a means of establishing trust for the cat. In general cases, it can also be helpful to have family members use the same soaps, shampoos so as to homogenise the group in terms of smells. This stops the cat from singling out one human being for attention. A behavioral modification campaign along these lines can be supported with the use of anxiolytics, tranquilisers, and pheromonatherapy if little or no progress is seen over time. However, these drugs should be given only in combination with behaviour modification and essentially as a last resort, on advisement of a vet. In the case study example, it is highly likely not only that the threat is correctly identified as the new baby and that extra attention given to the cat combined with certain modified methods of feeding, for example, involving the young child, the issues surrounding the urination and spraying should quickly be resolved. REFERENCES. American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA]. 2007. Animal Behavior Center: Cat Behavior. http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer. Beaver, B. V. 1992. Feline Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians. W. B. Saunders Company, Sydney. Bradshaw, J. W. S. 1992. The Behavior of the Domestic Cat. C. A. B International UK. Fox, M. W. 1974. Understanding Your Cat. N. Y. : Coward McCann (London). Fox, M. W. 1975. The behaviour of cats. In: The Behaviour of Domestic Animals. Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Bailliere Tindall. Hart, B. L. 1980a. Feline behaviour: A practitioner monograph. Vet. Practice Publishing Co. , California. Liberg, O. 1981. Predation and social behaviour in a population of domestic cats: an evolutionary perspective. Ph. D thesis, University of Lund, Sweden. Macdonald, P. W. , Apps, P. J. , Carr, G. M. and Kerby, C. , 1987. Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats, Felis catus Advances in Ethology 24, 1–66Thorne, 1992 How to cite Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module, Papers

Business and Management in Woolworths

Question: Discuss about the Business and Management in Woolworths. Answer: Introduction: Woolworths is amongst the top-notch retailer in Australia. Along with Coles, this company accounts for catering nearly 70% of the entire Australian market. The main aim of Woolworths is to be amongst the leaders in the supermarkets by keeping their customer happy and content (www.woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017). In order to sustain and progress in the business any company must try to have a strong corporate entrepreneurship and innovative business model. According to Hsu, corporate entrepreneurship is the process through which any established business develops new ideas to directly influence the productivity and outcome of the company or organization. Through corporate entrepreneurship, competencies of core operation and improved technologies any organization tries to come up with innovative ideas that can help them sustain in the business (Hsu et al., 2014). Through this report, initially the background of the company has been briefly discussed followed by the theories, which speaks about the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the business. The report ends with the impact of innovation and a concluding discussion on the entire findings about the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in the business established by Woolworths. Background of Woolworths: Woolworths falls under the retail industry and one of the largest supermarket chains of Australia. In Australia, there are nearly 980 stores of these brand-employing 111,000 employees. It is engaged in selling grocery items, fresh foods, dairy products, cookware, home-ware, clothes, accessories and every other possible stuff needed in daily life. Reason for Taking up Innovation Entrepreneurship: According to the report published in a leading Australian daily, Woolworths has faced its first and dramatic loss within their 23 years span of business. The company lost around $1.235 billion in the FY 2015-2016. The loss came from their sale of petrol and food items (www.news.com.au, 2016). According to Brad Banducci, the loss occurred as an effect of some internal changes in investment decision, which the company had taken up as a necessary measure of restructuring the same. This background induced to think and construct this report on the need and impact of entrepreneurship and innovation of the company. Theories and its Application by Woolworths: There are several theories relating to entrepreneurship and strategies of a supermarket. The term entrepreneurship is dynamic in nature in the sense that it evolves out of the need to survive, to compete and to win over others. It is a metamorphosis of the past and present strategies having socio-economic, psychological and cultural aspects (Methner, Hamann Nilson, 2015). Few famous theories have been put forwarded by Schumpeter regarding innovation, Mark Cassons theory of entrepreneurship and Knights theory of entrepreneurship have been discussed along with its implementation of the theory by Woolworths. Schumpeters Innovation Theory: According to Schumpeter, in order to develop in business a company or organization must try to look for opportunities to bring innovation in their business strategies through creativeness. In order to do this, the organization may introduce new products in the market, it can enter a new market, try to find out new sources for acquiring raw material and introduce new technologies to improve the production procedure of the company (Bento, 2014). Application of Schumpeters Theory by Woolworths: The largest retailer of Australia has always kept its customers as their first priority. It is the customers demand that makes the company the industrial giant. Along with the advancement of technology, Woolworths tried to set up innovative ways of shopping within their in-stores of Australia. The research and development team of this retail store recognized that its customer faces a loss of their valuable time while standing in the queues for billing up their products. Hence, the company has started up a new system of billing on the go, whereby after picking up a product and scanning its barcode through their mobile, the customer gets their products billed (Biddle, 2016). Also, many people, especially the office-goers and the bachelors face problems in choosing up healthy food products. In order to solve this problem the company has used in-shelf LED lighting whereby by clicking on a iPad kept in front of the shelf, the customers gets to know the food to pick up. They can also mail some healthy recipes from the iPad to their personal mail id (www.dailytelegraph.com, 2017). Mark Cassons Theory of Entrepreneurship: According to Mark Casson, an entrepreneur should possess 4 qualities namely, motivation, judgmental, co-ordination and imagination. An entrepreneur must be motivated by his own self-interest that will drive him towards success. An entrepreneur must also possess the capability to take up necessary decisions and allocate the scarce resources optimally with an imagination of future success (Casson, 2014). Application of Cassons entrepreneurship theory: Another strong decision has been taken up by the retail store is to promoting their existing MD of Food Group of Woolworths as the CEO of the company. Mr. Brad Banducci, who has been promoted as CEO has a long term experience of 25 years working under the retail industry. As per the statement of Woolworths chairperson Mr. Cairn, the company in future is going to re-invest in their traditional supermarket business and focus more on their customer satisfaction (www.dailytelegraph.com, 2017). This change of the CEO indicates the application of entrepreneurship theory whereby the competent candidate has been given the duty to bring in innovation through his entrepreneurship qualities. Knights Theory of Risk and Uncertainty: According to the theory put forward by Knight, the entrepreneur should also have the capability to undertake risks in order to succeed in their business (Frank, 2013). Without any risk, the company cannot expect to gain a large amount of profit. Application of Knights Theory by Woolworths: In both the above-mentioned process, the company has been taking risks with unknown outcome. But these risk factors are minimal when compared to a new strategy that has been proposed by Woolworths. According to another news channel, the giant retailer has established a Food Innovators Centre in its HQ in Sydney. The establishment and running cost of this centre moves to millions of dollar. Under this centre, Woolworths is going to promote products from its own brand. Highly efficient cooks using latest technologies and gadgets are going to prepare food, provide cooking classes and sent their recipes to the test centers where customers feedback will be taken up. As opined by Brain Walker, establishment of this centre right within 6 month after their major loss indicates the fact that the company is not ready to give up an inch of their market to others but to fight back and make their grounds stronger (www.news.com.au, 2016). Impact and Expected Outcome of this Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Mr. Caim opined that the company is going to improve the existing pricing strategies, re-invent their product lines and try to enhance the perceived value of their share-holders in order to come back in the business line. According to an Australian news channel, the top-notch super-market is trying to put a revolutionary change in their shopping system whereby their customers are going to save their valuable time and effort of visiting the super-market by themselves. Trying to come-up with such an innovative idea requires a lot of imagination and research on the problems faced by people in the existing system (Frank 2013). They have planned to bring down their supermarkets at the public places like train station whereby people can collect their necessary goods while returning from work. They plan to install the click and collect facility in the stations The innovative ideas that have been proposed by Woolworths and discussed through this essay have just been implemented. The resultant effects are yet to arrive after the company passes through a span of minimum 6 months of implementation. However, the reaction of the customers as observed and judged by the in-store RD team shows that customers are happy to have their time saved through the billing on the go method. On other hand, a lot of customers felt very happy by the in-store LED system which helps them to choose the correct ingredient for their favorite dishes. People even started appreciating the organizations effort to establish click and go selling techniques. However, the true impact and companys trial to gain back its ground can only be accessed after completion of a year by looking at the financial statement of this retail industry. Conclusion and Recommendation: The dramatic yet huge loss faced by Australias second largest retail store after Coles, has motivated in taking up the topic of entrepreneurship and innovation within the organization. Findings suggest that the top-level managers and directors were quick in taking up few drastic changes within the company. They never lose their courage instead had the guts to fight out and come up with innovative ideas which can help them in regaining their position. However, from the report it has also been observed that the company had been paying a lot of attention to its daily food items, groceries and dairy products. From this scenario it can be recommended that the company which was once engaged in selling hardware products should re-think and try to open up their closed section once again. The section of Woolworths that once dealt with hardware and home furnishing and improvement closed that section after it faced a loss of A$ 1 million. Loss is just a part of the business swings and hence can be overcome with perseverance and a proper vision. Hence, after the company establishes their strong foot in their business, it is advisable that they should try to open up their hardware section once again. References: Bento, P. (2014). 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