The Invention Of The Automobile Industry - 1429 Words

Before we begin, let us first look at the history of the automobile to better understand the industry’s roots and its growth. Technological innovations have driven the automobile industry since the very first car was ever created. Utilizing the steam engine, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot was able to create the first vehicle capable of human transportation. Only 40 years later, Francois Isaac de Rivaz engineered an automobile that was powered by an internal combustion engine, using hydrogen as its fuel source. 80 years after Rivaz, Karl Benz invented the first gasoline powered car. Henry Ford may not have been the inventor of the automobile, nor was he the mastermind behind the assembly line. Instead, Henry Ford had the genius to†¦show more content†¦As more and more consumers use digital channels to buy cars, such as Carfax to check on the history of the car before buying or Craigslist to buy directly from the owner, manufacturers must prepare to sell online as well. While in itial sales may see a significant increase, competition from online retailers may increase as well and the entire dealership model may cease to exist. In fact, Tesla is already selling their used cars on their website, allowing for a wholly online purchase of their vehicles. Manufacturers and dealers must be aware of their online presence and make sure to follow digital trends in order to stay ahead of their competition. Technology doesn’t only apply to online sales; it also includes the technological demand from consumers who want their car to help increase the overall mobility of their lives. The graph below shows the comparison of projected manufacturing numbers for cars with and without internet connectivity: Consumers are not the only ones shaping the automotive industry, by 2020 global sales in emerging markets are expected to increase from 50% to 60%. While increased sales are a good thing, the current supply and production locations may not be able to meet these sales projections. Another threat to manufacturers is the unfortunate fact that certain styles of cars tend to sell more than others in emerging markets, potentially creating an unbalanced and unstable manufacturing line for them in the future should they pursue thatShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitely the biggest invention on history changing the way humans transport. In the past, there were no vehicles and therefore people used to walk while only the few lucky had the privilege of enjoying a horse ride. There were also horse wagons which were made in order to increase the number of persons who could be carried (Lynn, 54). However, in the year 1907, Henry Ford invented the first car model which was referred to as T model, that allowed everyone to own a automobile. In this paper I willRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1450 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: One of the most innovative inventions of the 19th century was the invention of the automobile. It is clear that the automobile industry has changed the way people and goods travel. The industry basely existed until a man named Henry Ford made the automobile accessible to the public. He put into full motion what we now know today as the automobile industry. Henry Ford had both changed the automobile industry, as well as the manufacturing industry. Ford did this with the way he used theRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a well known proverb that applies to many industries that goes â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention,† but, when it comes to the automobile industry it’s hard to say necessity was the main driving force, as opposed to, say, money. The mechanics of an automobile, and most other power-based machines, revolve around the invention of the internal combustion engine in the early 1860’s and it’s later commercialized application; at first it was more of a luxury item but soon after investorsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe automobile industry is said to have its beginnings dating to the 19th century. Gottieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, of Germany, fitted their engine into a stagecoach in 1886 (Kin dersley, 2011, 10). They were both successful at creating the first four-wheeled, gas-engine vehicle. It reached a top speed of ten miles per hour. Each engine was still being fitted into stagecoaches (Kindersley, 2011, 10). The industrial revolution introduced a wide array of new ideas for the automobile. The ideas rangedRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry915 Words   |  4 Pages(US) with the automobile. It has often been pictured in media as a staple of the middle class life, a sign of prosperity, and a symbol of freedom. The birth of the worldwide auto industry happened in the US. Cars in some form or another had already existed around the world but they were labor intensive to produce and without a supply the market considered them more of an interesting novelty than a must have product. Henry Ford revolutionized the nascent automobile industry with the developmentRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1832 Words   |  8 Pagesworld published in 1990 is an example of unity of purpose which created an alternate epistemology of the automobile industry for the discerning audience. It is a tightly knit teamwork of three senior managers of the IMVP led by Jim Womack, Daniel T. Jones Daniel Ross and a collective endeavor of several associates and advisors. The book offers a panorama of key concerns in automotive industry based on a research, which took place over a period of five years at a cost of $5 million dollars at MassachusettsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of the Automobile, A Turning Point in History One could argue that one of the best inventions of the 1900’s was the Model T Ford or Tin Lizzie. The invention of the automobile has certainly left an indelible mark on the American Society. Consequently, the automobile has become the center of an extraordinary industry with the assembly lines and mass production techniques. These elements have essentially revolutionized the automobile industry. The Model T Ford made car travel affordableRead MoreThe Automobile Industry Influenced The American Economy1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1769, the first automobile, a steam-powered carriage that would carry up to four people at two miles per hour, was created. Years pass as gasoline engines, wheels, and a steering device were added to the automobile, which began to make it useful but expensive (â€Å"The Invention of Automobiles†). They were hand-crafted at this time, therefore making it unaffordable. Until Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1913, automobiles remained expensive. His discovery of the assembly line turned theRead MoreInvention of the Combustion Engine1570 Words   |  7 Pagesinventors and engineers developed a practical, effective internal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the first practical internal combustion engine which after many modificationsRead MoreThe Invention Of Automobiles : A Turning Point For Life852 Words   |  4 Pageswake up and go through his or her daily routines: showering, eating breakfast, and getting ready to go to work or school. Then they go outside or into the garage and get in their vehicle, one of the best inventions man has created. With a car almost anything is possible. The invention of automobiles was a turning point for life in America. Cars gave us the possibility of a brighter future by offering us quicker travels, relief of harsh elements, and the expansion of economic potential. Hundreds of

NOTA - Progress or Regress to Democracy - 2977 Words

NOTA - PROGRESS OR REGRESS TO DEMOCRACY? TABLE OF CONTENTS †¢ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 †¢ Meaning Of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 †¢ History of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 †¢ Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 †¢ Methodology Adopted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 †¢ NOTA-wider choice for voters†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 a. Constitutional importance of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 b. Not so bane to give cleaner insight for electoral system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 †¢ Cleaner politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 a. Right to reject- A steps to towards immaculate the politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 b. Good governance for protection of Human Rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 †¢ Grounds to uphold progressive nature of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 †¢ Grounds for facilitating regressive nature of NOTA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 †¢ Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 †¢ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...15 †¢ Annexure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 INTRODUCTION The Universal adult Franchise is the basic means to the democratic government for the enlightenment of common man and good governance. There is a great demand at this hour for the inclusion of ‘None of the above’ option in the EVMs . India has the world’s largest democracy and NOTA being revolutionary aspect evolve wide-reaching implications on the valuable voting choice made by the people for better democracy. Not only the voter participation will increase but also politics is decriminalized byShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCommunication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress Chapter 5 Estimating Times and Costs 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system

Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module Free Essays

In the case study, a young adult male cat, neutered and aged between four and five years old, undergoes extreme modifications in behavior in response to the birth of a newborn child to the owner-couple. The domestic short-hair lives in a single-cat household and prior to the birth of the first baby and the baby’s subsequently learning to crawl, the cat made appropriate use of 24-hour outside access, toileting outside in an acceptable fashion. Since the baby in the household learnt to crawl, the cat has started unrinating in the upstairs area of the house and squatting in various different locations. We will write a custom essay sample on Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cat also began grooming excessively. Based on this case study information, several determinations can be made about the causal factors relating to the behavioral issues displayed by the cat. For obvious reasons relating to the general health of the household, the cat’s behavior poses several hazards. One principle explanation for the behavior change, however, is the presence of the first child and the cat’s perception of the child, now mobile and a perceived presence from the cat’s perspective, as a treat to the cat’s perceived territory in the house. The explanation for the behavioral issues rests upon the fact that cats sometimes undertake urine spraying or urine marking because of territorial disputes, during aggressive conflicts, and even during sexual encounters. The spray produced is pungent and designed to ward off potential predators or competitors. In the case study, the cat clearly fields that the child, crawling and thereby presenting what must be a visible threat to the cat, is a predator or a threat of some general kind to the cat’s domination of the household, his territory. The objective of marking the territory is to establish its boundaries and ward off the child. It is classic cat behavior to advertise their presence in a territory by spraying visually conspicuous sites. Since cats naturally look to â€Å"time share† territories, marks enable the cats to space themselves out and prevent unwanted encounters. Cats can identify the urine marks so track can be kept of their neighbours (Hart, 1980a). Spraying serves to bring the male and female together during the breeding season. It is often done at a height convenient for sniffing (Beaver, 1992). Cats that spray urine inside their homes are classically prevented from doing so by neutering. Since the cat in the case study is already neutered, other measures must be undertake to curb the behavior. Most often, spraying is undertaken by reproductively intact males. Females spray as well, but less rarely. In one study conducted by the ASPCA, 77 percent of cats stopped or significantly reduced spraying within six months. Ten percent of male cats neutered before 10 months of age will still spray as adults. In households with numerous cats, at least one cat will likely spray, even if all the cats are neutered (ASPCA, 2007). Cats can become jealous upon the arrival of a new baby and this is particularly since the presence of a new child leaves the parents, the cat’s owners, exhausted and turmoil of a new baby, the cat is often neglected. This creates and exacerbates resentment about the presence of the child. Of course, it should not be ruled out that medical problems could be the cause of the cat’s unusual behavior. At the very least, this must be investigated as a potential cause. Medical problems such as diarrhea, urinary bladder inflammation, and the condition polydipsia or polyuria may promote unusual behavior from the cat. The signs of these problems include soft to watery diarrhea, which may indicate a problem in the small intestine, or mucus visible in the stool, along with blood, which suggests an inflamed colon or colitis. Urinary bladder infections may include FUS, bacterial infection, calculi or bladder stones, and tumors. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, adrenal gland disease, pyometra, and hypercalcemia are all possible medical causes for spraying and urinating in the house (ASPCA, 2007). If the baby were not present in the house it would be viable to note that females in heat, male spraying, other cats outdoors, over-crowding indoors, and the possible presence of testicular tissue remaining and producing low level hormones. Overcrowding, unchained litter, interrupted access to liter boxes, a change in litter type, and the presence of objectionable chemicals may be causing the problem. Psychological stress factors such as moving to a new environment or undergoing a change in routine can leave cats of any age bewildered and under considerable psychological stress. Overall, cats are loners and avoid interactions with other cats, except when with a mate, with young, or if several cats belong to the one household. The area traveled during normal activities is known the home range (Beaver, 1992; Bradshaw, 1992; Thorne, 1992). It is much larger for males than for females (Bradshaw, 1992) and the range may overlap other animals’ ranges (Thorne, 1992). Studies on free-ranging cats (Fox, 1975), showed that cats have a home territory and a home range that consists of places for resting, sunbathing and watching. A network of paths connects places and people may visit them regularly. Cats have an order of dominance in a neighborhood, which depends on time and place. If a low-ranking cat has already entered a narrow passageway and a high-ranking cat enters, the less dominant animal will sit and wait until the way is clear. Cats go to great lengths to avoid meeting another cat on a pathway, and chance face-to-face encounters lead to fighting and chasing and the development of a dominant–subordinate relationship. Subordinate males are pushed around in a dominant male’s home range. They essentially become nomads (Liberg, 1981, cited in Thorne, 1992). If a group of cats is maintained in colony pens, they need to be provided with shelves so they can ‘own’ one and retreat there from other cats (Hart, 1980). The cats work out an arrangement where certain ones use the floor at different times to others. Rubbing may help reinforce social positions, with subordinate individuals generally rubbing more dominant conspecifics (Macdonald, Apps, Carr and Kerby, 1987). The socialization period is the time when all primary social bonds are formed and is the most important period during the cat’s life (Beaver, 1992). Active social con tact with more than one adult cat at some crucial development stage is necessary for an adult cat to adapt later to social living conditions (Bradshaw, 1992). Given this, the lack of socialization with a new infant introduced to a household is going to cause problems and, after official confirmation that there are no medical explanations for the cat’s unusual behavior, the likely best response will involve heavy bonding efforts to help the cat overcome feelings of displacement, in addition to efforts to help the cat to perceive the baby as a non-threat to its territory. SECTION B: To modify the behavior of the cat in the case study, several steps need to be undertaken to ensure that the cause of the problem is properly assessed and to assure that the problem does become resolved as quickly and as efficiently as possible. The first step in the behavioral modification process will be to identify the reasons that they cat is spraying. Presumably, the new baby is the issue, however, it is necessary as a precautionary measure at least to have the cat subjected to a physical examination by a qualified vet. Physical problems can lead to inappropriate urination and spraying and should at least be ruled out before any psychological issues are investigated. To assess the psychological state of the cats it is quite important to begin by discouraging other cats from hanging around outside the home, if there are any signs that cats are doing this. Ideally, one of the various types of commercially available motion-activated devices, such as the Critter Gitterâ„ ¢, the Scarecrowâ„ ¢, or the Scraminalâ„ ¢, serve the function to frighten outdoor cats away. The Scat Matâ„ ¢ and the Sofa Saverâ„ ¢ can be used to keep outdoor cats away from doors and windows if there is evidence that other cats are coming this close to the house (ASPCA, 2007). Although it is not likely that this type of territorial issue is in play in the case study, the cat’s owners would to well to investigate and rule out the possibility. Multiple factors could easily be in play since the cat’s behavior is altered so drastically and since there is evidence that it is only since the new baby began crawling that the cat’s urination and spraying have been a problem. If the cat is spraying in several locations, areas should be made less appealing. Commercially available are such deterrent systems as Ssscatâ„ ¢ may be used and the cat’s owners might also try establishing a different behavioral pattern in the sprayed locations by placing items that stimulate behaviors incompatible with spraying, such as the food dish or toys in the appropriate locations. A litter box may also be placed in each location to try to establish the same change in behavioral pattern. The ultimate treatment objective is to revolve the cat’s sense of insecurity in their home environment. Any form of direct punishment is to be avoided. Punishment simply makes the cat feel more insecure. If the cat has singled out one new person to be the target of marking, as in this case, the baby, it is helpful to have the child present and seeming to participate in the feeding of the cat as a means of establishing trust for the cat. In general cases, it can also be helpful to have family members use the same soaps, shampoos so as to homogenise the group in terms of smells. This stops the cat from singling out one human being for attention. A behavioral modification campaign along these lines can be supported with the use of anxiolytics, tranquilisers, and pheromonatherapy if little or no progress is seen over time. However, these drugs should be given only in combination with behaviour modification and essentially as a last resort, on advisement of a vet. In the case study example, it is highly likely not only that the threat is correctly identified as the new baby and that extra attention given to the cat combined with certain modified methods of feeding, for example, involving the young child, the issues surrounding the urination and spraying should quickly be resolved. REFERENCES. American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA]. 2007. Animal Behavior Center: Cat Behavior. http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer. Beaver, B. V. 1992. Feline Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians. W. B. Saunders Company, Sydney. Bradshaw, J. W. S. 1992. The Behavior of the Domestic Cat. C. A. B International UK. Fox, M. W. 1974. Understanding Your Cat. N. Y. : Coward McCann (London). Fox, M. W. 1975. The behaviour of cats. In: The Behaviour of Domestic Animals. Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Bailliere Tindall. Hart, B. L. 1980a. Feline behaviour: A practitioner monograph. Vet. Practice Publishing Co. , California. Liberg, O. 1981. Predation and social behaviour in a population of domestic cats: an evolutionary perspective. Ph. D thesis, University of Lund, Sweden. Macdonald, P. W. , Apps, P. J. , Carr, G. M. and Kerby, C. , 1987. Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats, Felis catus Advances in Ethology 24, 1–66Thorne, 1992 How to cite Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module, Papers

Business and Management in Woolworths

Question: Discuss about the Business and Management in Woolworths. Answer: Introduction: Woolworths is amongst the top-notch retailer in Australia. Along with Coles, this company accounts for catering nearly 70% of the entire Australian market. The main aim of Woolworths is to be amongst the leaders in the supermarkets by keeping their customer happy and content (www.woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017). In order to sustain and progress in the business any company must try to have a strong corporate entrepreneurship and innovative business model. According to Hsu, corporate entrepreneurship is the process through which any established business develops new ideas to directly influence the productivity and outcome of the company or organization. Through corporate entrepreneurship, competencies of core operation and improved technologies any organization tries to come up with innovative ideas that can help them sustain in the business (Hsu et al., 2014). Through this report, initially the background of the company has been briefly discussed followed by the theories, which speaks about the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the business. The report ends with the impact of innovation and a concluding discussion on the entire findings about the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in the business established by Woolworths. Background of Woolworths: Woolworths falls under the retail industry and one of the largest supermarket chains of Australia. In Australia, there are nearly 980 stores of these brand-employing 111,000 employees. It is engaged in selling grocery items, fresh foods, dairy products, cookware, home-ware, clothes, accessories and every other possible stuff needed in daily life. Reason for Taking up Innovation Entrepreneurship: According to the report published in a leading Australian daily, Woolworths has faced its first and dramatic loss within their 23 years span of business. The company lost around $1.235 billion in the FY 2015-2016. The loss came from their sale of petrol and food items (www.news.com.au, 2016). According to Brad Banducci, the loss occurred as an effect of some internal changes in investment decision, which the company had taken up as a necessary measure of restructuring the same. This background induced to think and construct this report on the need and impact of entrepreneurship and innovation of the company. Theories and its Application by Woolworths: There are several theories relating to entrepreneurship and strategies of a supermarket. The term entrepreneurship is dynamic in nature in the sense that it evolves out of the need to survive, to compete and to win over others. It is a metamorphosis of the past and present strategies having socio-economic, psychological and cultural aspects (Methner, Hamann Nilson, 2015). Few famous theories have been put forwarded by Schumpeter regarding innovation, Mark Cassons theory of entrepreneurship and Knights theory of entrepreneurship have been discussed along with its implementation of the theory by Woolworths. Schumpeters Innovation Theory: According to Schumpeter, in order to develop in business a company or organization must try to look for opportunities to bring innovation in their business strategies through creativeness. In order to do this, the organization may introduce new products in the market, it can enter a new market, try to find out new sources for acquiring raw material and introduce new technologies to improve the production procedure of the company (Bento, 2014). Application of Schumpeters Theory by Woolworths: The largest retailer of Australia has always kept its customers as their first priority. It is the customers demand that makes the company the industrial giant. Along with the advancement of technology, Woolworths tried to set up innovative ways of shopping within their in-stores of Australia. The research and development team of this retail store recognized that its customer faces a loss of their valuable time while standing in the queues for billing up their products. Hence, the company has started up a new system of billing on the go, whereby after picking up a product and scanning its barcode through their mobile, the customer gets their products billed (Biddle, 2016). Also, many people, especially the office-goers and the bachelors face problems in choosing up healthy food products. In order to solve this problem the company has used in-shelf LED lighting whereby by clicking on a iPad kept in front of the shelf, the customers gets to know the food to pick up. They can also mail some healthy recipes from the iPad to their personal mail id (www.dailytelegraph.com, 2017). Mark Cassons Theory of Entrepreneurship: According to Mark Casson, an entrepreneur should possess 4 qualities namely, motivation, judgmental, co-ordination and imagination. An entrepreneur must be motivated by his own self-interest that will drive him towards success. An entrepreneur must also possess the capability to take up necessary decisions and allocate the scarce resources optimally with an imagination of future success (Casson, 2014). Application of Cassons entrepreneurship theory: Another strong decision has been taken up by the retail store is to promoting their existing MD of Food Group of Woolworths as the CEO of the company. Mr. Brad Banducci, who has been promoted as CEO has a long term experience of 25 years working under the retail industry. As per the statement of Woolworths chairperson Mr. Cairn, the company in future is going to re-invest in their traditional supermarket business and focus more on their customer satisfaction (www.dailytelegraph.com, 2017). This change of the CEO indicates the application of entrepreneurship theory whereby the competent candidate has been given the duty to bring in innovation through his entrepreneurship qualities. Knights Theory of Risk and Uncertainty: According to the theory put forward by Knight, the entrepreneur should also have the capability to undertake risks in order to succeed in their business (Frank, 2013). Without any risk, the company cannot expect to gain a large amount of profit. Application of Knights Theory by Woolworths: In both the above-mentioned process, the company has been taking risks with unknown outcome. But these risk factors are minimal when compared to a new strategy that has been proposed by Woolworths. According to another news channel, the giant retailer has established a Food Innovators Centre in its HQ in Sydney. The establishment and running cost of this centre moves to millions of dollar. Under this centre, Woolworths is going to promote products from its own brand. Highly efficient cooks using latest technologies and gadgets are going to prepare food, provide cooking classes and sent their recipes to the test centers where customers feedback will be taken up. As opined by Brain Walker, establishment of this centre right within 6 month after their major loss indicates the fact that the company is not ready to give up an inch of their market to others but to fight back and make their grounds stronger (www.news.com.au, 2016). Impact and Expected Outcome of this Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Mr. Caim opined that the company is going to improve the existing pricing strategies, re-invent their product lines and try to enhance the perceived value of their share-holders in order to come back in the business line. According to an Australian news channel, the top-notch super-market is trying to put a revolutionary change in their shopping system whereby their customers are going to save their valuable time and effort of visiting the super-market by themselves. Trying to come-up with such an innovative idea requires a lot of imagination and research on the problems faced by people in the existing system (Frank 2013). They have planned to bring down their supermarkets at the public places like train station whereby people can collect their necessary goods while returning from work. They plan to install the click and collect facility in the stations The innovative ideas that have been proposed by Woolworths and discussed through this essay have just been implemented. The resultant effects are yet to arrive after the company passes through a span of minimum 6 months of implementation. However, the reaction of the customers as observed and judged by the in-store RD team shows that customers are happy to have their time saved through the billing on the go method. On other hand, a lot of customers felt very happy by the in-store LED system which helps them to choose the correct ingredient for their favorite dishes. People even started appreciating the organizations effort to establish click and go selling techniques. However, the true impact and companys trial to gain back its ground can only be accessed after completion of a year by looking at the financial statement of this retail industry. Conclusion and Recommendation: The dramatic yet huge loss faced by Australias second largest retail store after Coles, has motivated in taking up the topic of entrepreneurship and innovation within the organization. Findings suggest that the top-level managers and directors were quick in taking up few drastic changes within the company. They never lose their courage instead had the guts to fight out and come up with innovative ideas which can help them in regaining their position. However, from the report it has also been observed that the company had been paying a lot of attention to its daily food items, groceries and dairy products. From this scenario it can be recommended that the company which was once engaged in selling hardware products should re-think and try to open up their closed section once again. The section of Woolworths that once dealt with hardware and home furnishing and improvement closed that section after it faced a loss of A$ 1 million. Loss is just a part of the business swings and hence can be overcome with perseverance and a proper vision. Hence, after the company establishes their strong foot in their business, it is advisable that they should try to open up their hardware section once again. References: Bento, P. (2014). Competition as a Discovery Procedure: Schumpeter Meets Hayek in a Model of Innovation.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,6(3), 124-152. Biddle, I. (2016). The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: The Bunnings vs. Masters battle.Busidate,24(3), 3. Casson, M. (2014). Entrepreneurship: a personal view.International Journal of the Economics of Business,21(1), 7-13. Chung, F. (2016). Woolworths unveils $1.235 billion loss. NewsComAu. Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolworths-unveils-1235-billion-loss/news-story/5a6cd1f33658f536b47d95b305c5bc67 Frank, K. (2013). Risk, uncertainty and profit. Methner, N., Hamann, R., Nilsson, W. (2015). The Evolution of a Sustainability Leader: The Development of Strategic and Boundary Spanning Organizational Innovation Capabilities in Woolworths. InThe Business of Social and Environmental Innovation(pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Our Brands - Woolworths Group. (2016). Woolworthsgroup.com.au. Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/ Woolies cooking up a big comeback. (2017). Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/woolworths-reveals-a-customer-driven-food-innovation-centre-at-bella-vista/news story/95212187919a8ed5e36d5e9e90929692 Hsu, C. C., Tan, K. C., Jayaram, J., Laosirihongthong, T. (2014). Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.International Journal of Production Research,52(18), 5467-5483. (2016). Retrieved 18 January 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/are-woolworths-and-coles-about-to-give-us-innovation-we-actually-want/news-story/e83c288057efff4cb2e2bbdf9caa0ab8

Asperger Syndrome and Autism Essay

Asperger Syndrome and Autism Essay Asperger Syndrome and Autism Essay What I intend to Investigate, What Types of Autism have been Identified, because I would like to know what types and how many types Scientists have discovered over the years. I know that there are a few different types of Autism, some being diagnosed at ages 1-4 and some being diagnosed at ages such as 10 and up. What I predict to learn is a lot more than I know, such as what different types of autism are there? What are some similarities? Going to help when you can’t understand your child. I started my search for information for autism by going to the site entitled, Autism Ontario: What types have been identified at autismontario.com/client/aso/ao.nsf/web/ASD+2?OpenDocument. From this site I learn that there are a couple different types of Autism that have similar symptoms and that they all occur and start to become more noticeable around the ages 1-4. The most common symptom of Autism between them all is impairment to social interaction. There are a few of the disorders where one would actually lose previously acquired skills. I also learned that Autism is a Spectrum Disorder and a Spectrum disorder is any of a group of disorders each having symptoms that occur on a continuum and certain features that is shared along its spectrum but that manifest in markedly different forms and degrees. Then I went to the site entitled what is Asperger Syndrome? At this address aspergers.ca/what-is-asperger-syndrome/ I was shocked to learn on this site that there is an estimated 70,000 People in Ontario alone with ASD (Asperger Syndrome). The ongoing research team for ASD has though that as many as 1 in 165 People have some form of an ASD. Although ASD can be found in Children, There are many people who haven’t been diagnosed with the Syndrome until Teenage years or even adulthood. Traits make is very hard for kids to operate well in school and for adults to have jobs; there are a ton of people with ASD that can accomplish so much in life with their vast knowledge of specific interests. The treatments for people with ASD can include Counselling, Social skills training, medication, family intervention, special diets and occupational therapy. The Cause for this Syndrome is still not to be found but a theory points towards genetics causes. Lots of people with ASD have similar t raits in their family. The final site I went to is entitled Coping and Support at this address mayoclinic.com/print/autism/DS00348/DSECTION=allMETHOD=print and what I found on this website was quite interesting. Raising a Child with autism can be mentally, physically and emotionally tiring. Especially when your child may have behavior issues or communication/ social issues and wouldn’t want to talk to you about their problems. It can get quite frustrating and difficult to be a parent. It is also hard on the child when it comes to having this syndrome, him or her having minimal social/ communication skills, maybe having behavior problems, weather it’s making friends, repeating something like finger tapping or rocking, or they can’t have or create an ongoing conversation. It could be very hard on a family, that’s when you could look for support. My research is most like the movie ‘Rain Man’ because I think it reflects mostly on Raymond and Charlie Babbitt (characters

The Benefits of Paper Recycling

The Benefits of Paper Recycling Paper recycling has been around for a long time. Actually, when you think about it, paper has been a recycled product from the very beginning. For the first 1,800 years or so that paper existed, it was always made from discarded materials. What Are the Most Significant Benefits of Paper Recycling? Recycling paper conserves natural resources, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and keeps landfill space free for other types of trash that cant be recycled. Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 380 gallons of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space and 4,000 kilowatts of energy - enough to power the average U.S. home for six months - and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one metric ton of carbon equivalent (MTCE). Who Invented Paper? A Chinese official named Tsai Lun was the first person to make what we would consider paper. In 105 AD, at Lei-Yang, China, Tsai Lun stirred together a combination of rags, used fishing nets, hemp and grass to make the first real paper the world had ever seen. Before Tsai Lun invented paper, people wrote on papyrus, a natural reed used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to create the paper-like material from which paper derives its name. Those first sheets of paper Tsai Lun made were pretty rough, but over the next few centuries, as papermaking spread throughout Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, the process improved and so did the quality of the paper produced. When Did Paper Recycling Begin? Papermaking and producing paper from recycled materials came to the United States simultaneously in 1690. William Rittenhouse learned to make paper in Germany and founded Americas first paper mill on Monoshone Creek near Germantown, which is now Philadelphia. Rittenhouse made his paper from discarded rags of cotton and linen. It wasnt until the 1800s that people in the United States started making paper from trees and wood fiber. On April 28, 1800, an English papermaker named Matthias Koops was granted the first patent for paper recycling - English patent no. 2392, titled Extracting Ink from Paper and Converting such Paper into Pulp. In his patent application, Koops described his process as, An invention made by me of extracting printing and writing ink from printed and written paper, and converting the paper from which the ink is extracted into pulp, and making thereof paper fit for writing, printing, and other purposes. In 1801, Koops opened a mill in England that was the first in the world to produce paper from material other than cotton and linen rags - specifically from recycled paper. Two years later, the Koops mill declared bankruptcy and closed, but Koops patented paper-recycling process was later used by paper mills all over the world. Municipal paper recycling started in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1874, as part of the nations first curbside recycling program. And in 1896, the first recycling center opened in New York City. From those early efforts, paper recycling has continued to grow until, today, more paper is recycled (if measured by weight) than all of the glass, plastic, and aluminum combined. How Much Paper Is Recycled Every Year? In 2014, 65.4 percent of the paper used in the United States was recovered for recycling, for a total of 51 million tons. Thats a 90 percent increase in the recovery rate since 1990, according to the American Forest Paper Association. Approximately 80 percent of U.S. paper mills use some recovered paper fiber to produce new paper and paperboard products. How Many Times Can the Same Paper Be Recycled? Paper recycling does have limits. Every time paper is recycled, the fiber becomes shorter, weaker and more brittle. In general, paper can be recycled up to seven times before it must be discarded. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Transnational Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Transnational Corporations - Essay Example Basically, TNCs' aggregate yearly sales would correspond to or are greater than the annual gross domestic product (GDP) of most countries. A classic example would be Itochu Corporation's sales which exceed the gross domestic product of Austria, while those of Royal Dutch/Shell run parallel with Iran's GDP. Together, the sales of Mitsui and General Motors are greater than the GDPs of Denmark, Portugal, and Turkey combined, and US$50 billion more than all the GDPs of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa (UNCTAD 1994). Because of their considerable size, TNCs are likely to control and dictate in industries where output and markets are oligopolistic, or converged in the hands of a comparatively small number of firms. The top five car and truck manufacturers are responsible for nearly 60% of motor vehicles' global revenues. The five leading oil companies account for over 40% of the industry's world market share (The Economist 1993). TNCs' operations cover the whole world; however, they are based for the most part in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. The Swiss electrical engineering giant ABB has facilities in 140 nations, while Royal Dutch/Shell digs up for oil in 50 countries, conducts refining activities in 34 homelands, and markets its products in 100 nation states. Offices of the US food processing firm H.J. Heinz cover six continents and Cargill, the US's largest grain company operates in 54 countries. Britain's major chemical firm ICI has manufacturing operations in 40 nations and sales affiliates in 150 countries (Hoover 1993). The term transnational corporation means a "for-profit enterprise" which is explicitly identified by two salient features -- 1) engages in enough business activities -- including sales, distribution, extraction, manufacturing, and research and development -- outside the country of origin so that it is dependent financially on operations in two or more countries; 2) management decisions are made based on regional or global alternatives (Hadari 1973). In essence, transnational corporations are recognised as prime components of capitalism and a most important conduit of globalisation. Globalisation, TNCs and Host Governments In this age of frenetic globalisation, the transnational corporation is indisputably the free markets' first-class and "untouchable" agent. Economically, these corporate giants dwarf the resources of many developing countries and evidently such status can be attributed to its extraordinary capacity and swift faculty to create wealth. Dubious however, is its reputation as an economic distributor, as a democratic contributor, and as a supporter of human rights in general (Letnes and Westveld 2004). These issues are specifically debatable in developing countries where some view the transnational corporation as a vehicle of development while others see it as nothing but a neo-colonial tool of exploitation. Interaction is Motive-Dependent In the face of contradictory motivations and intentions and the fact that TNCs overshadow many of the smaller economies in bargaining power (Evans 1985, 216-21; Walters and Blake 1992, 124), TNCs engage in positive dialogues with host countries economic and social conditions (especially in the sphere of human rights) -- out of either a genuine sense of social responsibility or out of respect for the market force of the spotlight phenomenon

Read the case study about Cottage Condiments and answer the 4 Essay

Read the case study about Cottage Condiments and answer the 4 questions as a report - Essay Example The major strength for Cottage Condiment is that it produces naturally flavoured products. The products are made from natural fruits and plants which give them a natural flavour. The products are also lowly priced hence making affordable to consumers in the market. Additionally the business is offering a wide range of products including pickles, chutney and relish of different flavors such as peach and ginger, traditional apple, plum and ripe tomato (Hollyoake, 2009, p. 45). Cottage Condiment products have a strong presence in the local market. This is evident from the number of sales that the business is making on a daily basis. The strengths provide a solid foundation for the business to expand into a wider market. The major weakness of Cottage Condiment is that its managers have very little knowledge in business. Jon Wright is a retired engineer who has never engaged in business at any point of his life. His wife also has very little experience in the operations of a business. The owners of the business are retired and have little capital to finance its expansion (Hollyoake, 2009, p. 55). This may curtail the operations and expansion of the business. The market for pickles, chutney and relish has recorded a consistent growth in the last three years. This is a wonderful opportunity for the business to attract a significant portion of the market. The growing demand for Cottage Condiment products in the local market is also an opportunity for the business to expand its operations and serve a larger market. Competition from established businesses such as supermarkets is the greatest threat that Cottage Condiment faces. This may make it harder for the business to grow and serve a larger market because it is already occupied by established businesses. The other threat is the unpredictable market performance which makes it risky to expand in an uncertain market. The UK has a stable political environment that is

Our modern concept of hell based on the Divine Comedy Research Paper

Our modern concept of hell based on the Divine Comedy - Research Paper Example But what are God’s laws? God’s laws are not just imbedded in the Ten Commandments, but are seeping truth out of the very source that was given to Moses on tablets of stone back in the Biblical days. According to the book of Deuteronomy, God wrote out the law on two tablets of stone. â€Å"He wrote on the tablets, like the former writing, the Ten Commandments, which the Lord had spoken to you on the mountain from the midst of the fire on the day of the assembly, and the Lord gave them to me.† Moses has this believe that without God, people will perish. And their perishing will be in a fiery pit of Hell. Moses was not the only one with this kind of mentality. He was supposedly directed by God to believe that Hell was a real and literal place. Many people today believe in this literal place called Hell and will do anything they can do to keep themselves out of it. They also proselytize and go around and preach so that others they love, or want to spend eternity with will believe the same, and too, be excused from going to this horrible place, with fire, and hatred, and anger, and gnashing of teeth, and fear, torment, endless nights with no sleep, heat, sweat, burning hearts and complete and utter neglecting happens. They do not want their loved ones to suffer, so they preach about Hell, a negative location somewhere â€Å"down there.† According to Dante’s Divine Comedy, written in 1306, he divides his story into three different sections. Each section is a part of Hell that he â€Å"predicts†, someone, or something will go to. Dante seemed to be a spiritual man and used the number three as a symbol. It is believed that he used the number three because the God of the universe was divided into three different parts; Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Dante, being the main character or poet in his own writing takes himself through several experiences that help him become who he is. Due to Dante’s Divine Comedy, we people of today have formed an opinion and

Types of Wild Tea

Types of Wild Tea Its quite disappointing that while we have been putting too much attention to the ballyhooed â€Å"Cheaper Medicine† Law, we failed to pursue with equal vigor a promising effort to develop medicines which come from the backyard garden. If we can just put our act together, we might be able to offer our people herbal remedies that could even be much more effective and wallet-friendly than the so called â€Å"cheaper† medicines we get from the drug store now. During the administration of President Ramos, in 1992 to be exact, the Department of Health under then Secretary Juan Flavier launched a nationwide Traditional Medicine Program for a period of 6 years, with technical support from the World Health Organization. According to Roger Lee Mendoza in his â€Å"A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Legalizing Complementary and Alternative Medicine† the said programs most notable accomplishment was the identification of 10 (out of 1,500) herbs for their safe (non-toxic) medicinal properties. The program clearly paved the way for what should have been follow-up efforts to develop these herbs for their possible therapeutic effects. You can get the list and more details from the website of the Philippine Herbal Medicine. Scientific background One of the medicinal plants thoroughly tested and clinically proven to have value in the relief and treatment of various ailments is Tsaang Gubat. Tsaang Gubat belongs to the Carmona Boraginaceae family of plants. It has many scientific names. In their study, Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope of the United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division stationed in Maui, Hawaii as published in www.hear.org lists them down in their Latin names: Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masamune (Lorence et al. 1995, Wagner et al. 1999); C. microphylla (Lam.) Don; Ehretia microphylla Lam.; Ehretia buxifolia Roxb.; Cordia retusa Vahl (Lorence et al. 1995; Bailey and Bailey 1976; GRIN 2001). In the Philippines, its commonly known as tsaang gubat (â€Å"wild tea,† â€Å"forest tea. † or sometimes Philippine tea) But in the provinces, your neighborhood herbalist or plant expert would know it by its names in the local dialects: †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨In Luzon: Kalabong, Kalimumog, Katdalugod, Maragued, Mara-mara, Taglokot, Talibunog, Tsaang-gubat, Tsa-tsa. In the Visayas: Alibungog, Semente†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨And in Mindanao: Alangitngit, Alingitngit, Truth to tell, tsaang gubat is more known as an ornamental plant than a medicinal herb. It was and still grown as bonsai because of its attractive appearance. The Starr research study cited previously mentions the fact that tsaang gubat is a â€Å" popular ornamental plant cultivated in Hawaii as a hedge or specimen plant.† How to identify it What exactly does it look like? So you would you be able to tell it apart from other shrubs, it is described as a low, woody plant with several stems. The book â€Å"Medicinal and Poisonous Plants† by de Padua and Bunyapraphatsara says that it grows to about 1 to 4 meters high. Its leaves are small and have dark, green and shiny upper surface. Because it can be found in secondary forest in low and medium altitude, its called â€Å"wild.† The medicinal property of tsaang gubat comes from its leaves which grow in clusters on short branches, 3-6 cm long, somewhat toothed or lobed near the apex and pointed at the base, short stalked and rough on the upper surface. Tsaang gubat bears small white flowers, axillary, solitary, 2 or 4 on a common stalk. It bears yellow fruits when ripe which are about 4-5 mm in diameter. Whats it good for? Old folks who most of the time know better, recommend it as a herbal remedy for many ailments. But for a start, its safe to drink it as your daily cup of tea for general good health. You dont have to go the forest to get tsaang gubat. It is now available in the form of herbal tea bags and in pills capsules at your local mall and herbal stores. My cursory look at tsaang gubat led me to www.medicalhealthguide.com which reveals that tsaang gubat in fact, has anti-bacterial and anti-allergenic properties. It also has fluoride so its a natural mouthwash. For the scientifically minded or just plain skeptics, the same site states that tsaang gubat has been studied for possible anti-allergic property because it contains â€Å"rosmarinic acid and microphyllone† which is believed to control allergy. It goes on to say that some studies also reveal that tsaang gubat leaves also show a â€Å"mixture of triterpenes- a-amyrin, ß-amyrin and baurenol and a wide range of bioactivity† including â€Å"analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and antibacterial activities.† On the other hand, for those of us who want it stated simply, the website of the Philippine Herbal Medicine enumerates the following ailments that can be relieved by tsaang gubat: Stomach pains Gastroenteritis Intestinal motility Dysentery Diarrhea or Loose Bowel Movement (LBM) Body cleanser/wash And in addition, because it is found that its leaves have high fluoride content. tsaang gubat is also used as a natural mouth wash for stronger teeth and prevent cavities. Sidebar:Preparing fresh tsaang gubat tea To prepare tsaang gubat tea, the same website recommends the following: Thoroughly wash the leaves of tsaang gubat in running water. Chop to a desirable size and boil 1 cup of chopped leaves in 2 cups of water. Boil in low heat for 15 to 20 minutes and drain. Take a cupful every 4 hours for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and stomach pains. Word of caution: if the stomachache or diarrhea is not relieved, it is advised that you see your doctor. The ailment could be caused by something else. In boiling the leaves in water, the article entitled â€Å"Herbal Medicines Part 1† published on September 14, 2006 in pinoyraket.blogspot.com recommends suggests that you strictly follow these rules: a. Use only enameled container or claypot (palayok), never an aluminum pot.†¨ b. A standard glass or cup should contain 240 ml. or 8 fluid ounces of water. This measurement is the same as the content of a bottle or regular size softdrink bottle.†¨ c. Mix leaves in water before placing on fire.†¨ d. As soon as the mixture boils uncover the pot and let boil continuously for 15 minutes. Remember that the mixture should boil uncovered.†¨ e. Strain and let cool. You now have what is called decoction.†¨ For convenience, you may prepare enough decoction that you can use for several days. Simply adjust the amount of leaves to use according to the amount of water that you will boil. When stored in a thermo pot (termos ), the decoction should last for three days without losing its efficacy. If kept in a refrigerator, the decoction should last up to four days without losing its efficacy. Keep in mind, however, that whether kept in thermo pot or refrigerated the decoction must not be taken anymore when its color has changed or when it has grown molds or fungus. Tsaang gubat v.s. cancer? The latest news on tsaang gubat is that its good for fighting cancer. An article in the Philippine Daily Star reports that a Dr. Gerard Penecilla, a pharmaceutical scientist of the National Research Council of the Philippines has discovered the potential of two indigenous plants as cure for cancer, the third leading cause of death in the country. He found that banaba and tsaang gubat â€Å" have high potential in fighting growth and multiplication activities of cancer cells.† The report goes on to say that out of the many sample extracts tested, a certain dosage of tsaang gubat was found effective against cancer cell, the DOST said. It added that the scientist hopes this technique â€Å"could pave the way for the strong interaction and cooperation among the Filipino chemists, botanists, biologists, physicians and the government research funding institutions as well, in coming up with solid scientific research on medicinal plants that could aid local pharmaceutical companies to produce anticancer medicine at very low cost.† And thats exactly our point at the start. If only we can just get our act together and pursue with greater vigor these kinds of initiatives in the development of our local herbs, then we are on the right road towards keeping the cost of medical care much lower than we have right now. And come to think of it, these potent herbal remedies are practically just in our own backyards. What these promising research findings of Dr. Penecilla also indicate is that weve just barely scratched the surface on what tsaang gubat and other herbs can do for our health. Further research and test will prove their full potency in fighting more serious diseases. For now, when its time for your tea break, go wild for a change over tsaang gubat, the wild tea thats good for you. Sources: â€Å"Halamang Gamot at Mga Sakit† published by Sto. Nino Catholic House, Inc. â€Å"Nature Healers,† edited by Ana May A. Artus, published by Cebu Green Emerald Publishing Co., Cebu City, Philippines,1994 â€Å"A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Legalizing Complementary and Alternative Medicine† Roger Lee Mendoza, USA Journal of Social Sciences 6 (1): 74-84, 2010 ISSN 1549-3652  © 2010 Science Publications â€Å"Herbal Medicines Part 1† September 14, 2006 pinoyraket.blogspot.com â€Å"Bioactivity studies on triterpenes isolated from carmona retusa (vahl) masam. leaves† a research study by Irene M. Villaseà ±or, Arlyn P. Canlas, Karen M. Faustino, Katherine G. Plana, Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman â€Å"Carmona retusa Carmona Boraginaceae† by Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope United States Geological SurveyBiological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, HawaiI, January, 2003 published in www.hear.org www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/ www.medicalhealthguide.com de Padua,L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara, R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors). 1999. Plant Resources of South East Asia 12(1) Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.771 pp. â€Å"Banaba, tsaang gubat vs cancer?† as published in www.philstar.com July 18, 2008.

Effectiveness of the Citroen C4 Robot and Ice Television Advertisements

Citroà «n spend millions on their advertising campaigns, like any other company. The demographic and psychographic for Citroà «n has changed over recent years. They were first designed to appeal to older drivers and now they are appealing to an entirely new and different audience. Using music, colour and special effects they are trying to attract a younger market. Though both of the advertisements are appealing to slightly different audiences, they both have a fun feel and look about them. The music used in the C4 ?Robot? advert plays as soon as the advert starts. It is very funky, modern, and up-to-date to attract and appeal to younger drivers looking to buy their fist, maybe second, car. The music also fits in well with the modern futuristic background of the advertisement and design of the car. Most young people want the latest technology, as we are a technology era, and so I would say that the music reflects about the car quite well. The music is non-digetic, as you cannot see the source (where it is coming from). The director plays this. The ?Robot? dances to the music with 90?s style moves, and the people who would appreciate them are in their 20?s. The dancing also relates to a night club. This again is targeting the generation of younger car drivers. The music that is used in the ?Ice? advert is slightly different to that used in the ?Robot? advert. It is still quite up-beat but not as much as the music used in the ?Robot? advert, as the advert is aimed at a slightly older audience, people maybe with families and more responsibility as the emphasis is on safety. As in the ?Robot? advertisement, the music is again non-digetic. Instead of dancing to the music, the robot skates on ice and the music isn?t the... ...s down at us, the viewers, as it finishes ice skating. He looks menacing suggesting that the car is in control and when you are driving the car you feel powerful and dominate, feline like a jaguar is an aggressive animal. After reviewing the two advertisements, and analysing the effects on the targeted audiences, I think the ?Robot? advert is the most effective in appealing to its target audience, first time car buyers, because all of the devices and techniques used attract the audience very well. The advertisement showed the car to be something that most first time car buyers are looking for, a sleek, nifty, small but spacious, funky and modern and also technological car. The most effective devices used were sound and special effects. This is because the sound catches the attention of the viewers but the special effects make the viewers watch and want the car.

The Great Depression

9. 04 The Great Depression A. Heading: * Address (imaginary) * City, State (imaginary) * Date (Month, Day, Year in the 1930s) B. Greeting: Dear ________: C. Body Your letter should focus on the following aspects of your life: * Paragraph 1: In the introduction to your letter, identify two causes of the Great Depression. Utilize the web sites in the Resource section. Explain how the Great Depression has affected you and your family. Use specific details from the web sites (For example, how did Black Tuesday affect your family or relatives? What is your standard of living? * Paragraph 2: a. Describe your family. Who are your brothers, sisters, relatives? What do your parents and relatives do for a living? b. Choose one of your relatives that has a job set up by FDR's New Deal. (For example, an uncle might be employed by the WPA). Choose a specific program within the New Deal—do not simply reference the New Deal in general. Describe the job with details. What is the purpose of th e organization? * Paragraph 3: c. Describe your school, classes, and teachers. Who are your friends? . Describe the town where you live. Who are your neighbors? Describe important celebrations, events, and people. Where do you like to hang out or play? * Paragraph 4: e. What is happening in the nation politically and economically? Look carefully at the date of your letter. Include specific details from the resources. f. What is happening in the nation's culture? Tell about music, radio programs, movies, sports. (Minimum of two specific details from the timeline according to the date of your letter. ) * Paragraph 5: a. What are your dreams for the future? b. What do you think the world will be like? c. How do you think the events of the Great Depression will affect you? | 76 Fort Street Johnston, West Virginia January 15, 1936 Dear Home Owner, My name is Frank Rollins and one day you will find this letter in my old house as part of a time capsule to be opened in the year 2007. It will hopefully help you and others understand what life is like for the people living through the tough economic times of today and hopefully will help you appreciate the many things that you may have. It will help you understand that standards of living can change very rapidly in times of economic turmoil and that what was once taken for granted can just as easily slip through your hands as if it wasn’t there. It will also hopefully help you understand just how quickly things change. Most importantly, I hope this letter helps you appreciate that the people in your lives are so much more important than the things. I am writing this letter as one final activity in this wonderful home where we have lived for 12 years. I am 33 years old, married to a beautiful woman, and we share 5 children between the ages of 5 and 11. We bought this house as our first home and thought that we would live here to raise all of our children. It is a wonderful neighborhood and the people here are friendly and kind. We have made friends that we will have for life and our children have too. Today is a very sad day for my entire family and for the friends that we have made. Unfortunately, we have to move because we can no longer afford to pay for the house that we treasure so much. Times are tough in this country and although we thought we would make it, things have changed. I was once the manager of the town’s bank and I made a very good living. We have been able to live in this affluent white collar neighborhood, be part of the country club and send our kids to private school where they were around other kids with the same standard of living. I worked hard to earn the wage that I did and I moved up the ladder in a meticulous manner so that I could maintain stability and growth. I wanted to provide my wife and children with the best that life has to offer and I was successful until October 29th, 1929, Black Tuesday. That was a day that changed my future and my destiny. It was the day that the stock market crashed and that people lost much of what they had. It was the day that caused panic for everyone, but bank managers in particular were in a predicament that was not too pleasant. Money just seemed to disappear and everyone blamed us. What they didn’t understand is that a bank is a business and somehow we had to pay our bills too. We had lent money and lent money and lent money and now, as people couldn’t pay it back, we were really in a pickle. It was a tough day followed by a rougher few years. I saw people’s houses be taken from them and people were just crushed. I was not able to help because the bank didn’t have any more money to lend. Roosevelt had placed a temporary close on banks to figure out who could legitimately stay open and who had to close for good. My bank stayed open for a while, but the time came 3 months ago when the doors had to close. You see, what happened is that people got really comfortable spending their money and other people’s money. Borrowing started, lots of borrowing, and people no longer lived with debt. It became a way of life. Then, people wanted more and more stuff. This was all in the 1920’s by the way when all of these new things were being manufactured and people were in awe of the new technology. As people bought it, more stuff was made until there was too much stuff on the store shelves. People had started to smarten up a little bit and they stopped buying. Production continued and the businesses were paying the price for that over production. When businesses have to pay, they cut costs somewhere else. In this case, it was in laborers. So people got laid off and were now out of work. The whole thing spiraled out of control and devastated the entire country. At the time, Hoover was our President and although he gets blamed for a lot of this stuff, it wasn’t really him who was to blame. He could have been more alert to what was happening I guess, but it was hard for anyone to see. He lost the election last year when Roosevelt was brought in with the promise of the New Deal. The New Deal is the promise for everything to be put back together financially in the country. It is the promise for jobs and for businesses to get back on their feet and for the country to become prosperous again. Will it work? It is hard to say becuae we are in the beginning phases of it. Roosevelt is definitely doing what he can to help the American people though. He has puts programs in place that are funded by the federal government that will insure that another Black Tuesday doesn’t happen. He has the FDIC which insures people’s banks deposits, the Works Progress Administration to offer jobs building new highways, the Social Security Administration to help people who are elderly or retired and about 12 other programs beyond that. They are all there to offer education, work and insurance that people’s money is safe. I think it will be several years before we know what will come of all of this but we will keep our fingers crossed that things get better. I will actually benefit from Roosevelt’s new deal as I begin my job as a highway builder next week. It will not provide the private school education that my kids are used to, or the continuation at the country club, but it would be unfair if it did. It is not the government’s job to provide me with anything but I am really happy that it will help me provide food to my family. Right now, every little bit helps. I look at this opportunity as a way to appreciate what I had and to look forward to gaining it back one day. I will do that as things get better and people get more in touch with the realities of what they have. It will be a while before banks are trusted and there are some people who still hold me personally accountable for their losses. That is the worst feeling in the world because I pride myself on honesty and integrity. The highway building will be a good respite and a way for me to get in better touch with what I will do in the future. My children will begin in the public school on Monday too. It will be the beginning of our new life with all kinds of changing happening next week. They will go to a one room school instead of a school where each grade is separated. Their teacher seems so nice though and I think they will benefit from their time learning together instead of apart. They will go from 8am til 12 pm and return home for lunch and to do their homework, chores and play. What my wife and I have stressed to them is how lucky we are to have each other, good health, and grandparents who have a home big enough for all of us to stay in. There are many less fortunate than us who don’t have a place to go and they don’t have food to put on their table. That is the ultimate tragedy really, isn’t it? We will still have a radio to listen to and we will continue to dance the way that we used to at night after listen to Roosevelt’s fireside chat. We dance in hope that the promises he is making will come true and we dance to celebrate life. Some nights we listen to the baseball games and root for Babe Ruth. He is the ultimate baseball of all time. We also read together so that our minds can keep growing and as a way to entertain ourselves. Sometimes we act out the stories in our family just for fun. One of my daughters has a flare for the dramatic and she loves to be an actress. She loved going to the movies when we could afford it, and I can’t wait to be able to take her again when times are a little better. The other kids like to play baseball in the yard with the kids in neighborhood, climbing trees and swimming at the country club. I suppose we will have to go to the river to swim for the time being and the new experience will be a great one for all of us. What I want you to know as you read this letter is that times are tough and in history, people should be aware of how tough times are for some people and how they got that way. I hope that you cherish the people in your life more than the things that you can have and that you make sensible choices when spending money that you have worked hard for. I believe that people should try to live without debt for the trivial things in life. Clothing, cars and things of that nature should be paid for without using someone else’s money. I understand that houses are very expensive and that in normal circumstances people must borrow money for them and that one expense is the only one that should leave you owing someone else money. There will temptations in life and pressures from others to spend money you don’t have, but I beg of you not to do it. I am giving up my home tomorrow and I am thankful the most for the wife and children. The things we have accumulated are only reminders of how I could have saved that money and been paying for my home right now. Be grateful for health and cherish the smiles that you see as people pass you by. Maybe one day, I will rebuy this old home of ours, and maybe it will be one of my grandkids who opens this time capsule letter. That would be the ultimate gift, but for now, I can only hope that the people who move in here enjoy it as much as we did and that they have good fortune and prosperity. And 70 years from now, in 2007, I hope that all of Roosevelt’s new programs have worked and that we, in the worst of financial times, have made it right for future generations. Change is not a bad thing, it lays the groundwork for new and better times. Best wishes to you and your family. I hope that you enjoy our home as much as we did. Sincerely, Frank Rollins The Great Depression 9. 04 The Great Depression A. Heading: * Address (imaginary) * City, State (imaginary) * Date (Month, Day, Year in the 1930s) B. Greeting: Dear ________: C. Body Your letter should focus on the following aspects of your life: * Paragraph 1: In the introduction to your letter, identify two causes of the Great Depression. Utilize the web sites in the Resource section. Explain how the Great Depression has affected you and your family. Use specific details from the web sites (For example, how did Black Tuesday affect your family or relatives? What is your standard of living? * Paragraph 2: a. Describe your family. Who are your brothers, sisters, relatives? What do your parents and relatives do for a living? b. Choose one of your relatives that has a job set up by FDR's New Deal. (For example, an uncle might be employed by the WPA). Choose a specific program within the New Deal—do not simply reference the New Deal in general. Describe the job with details. What is the purpose of th e organization? * Paragraph 3: c. Describe your school, classes, and teachers. Who are your friends? . Describe the town where you live. Who are your neighbors? Describe important celebrations, events, and people. Where do you like to hang out or play? * Paragraph 4: e. What is happening in the nation politically and economically? Look carefully at the date of your letter. Include specific details from the resources. f. What is happening in the nation's culture? Tell about music, radio programs, movies, sports. (Minimum of two specific details from the timeline according to the date of your letter. ) * Paragraph 5: a. What are your dreams for the future? b. What do you think the world will be like? c. How do you think the events of the Great Depression will affect you? | 76 Fort Street Johnston, West Virginia January 15, 1936 Dear Home Owner, My name is Frank Rollins and one day you will find this letter in my old house as part of a time capsule to be opened in the year 2007. It will hopefully help you and others understand what life is like for the people living through the tough economic times of today and hopefully will help you appreciate the many things that you may have. It will help you understand that standards of living can change very rapidly in times of economic turmoil and that what was once taken for granted can just as easily slip through your hands as if it wasn’t there. It will also hopefully help you understand just how quickly things change. Most importantly, I hope this letter helps you appreciate that the people in your lives are so much more important than the things. I am writing this letter as one final activity in this wonderful home where we have lived for 12 years. I am 33 years old, married to a beautiful woman, and we share 5 children between the ages of 5 and 11. We bought this house as our first home and thought that we would live here to raise all of our children. It is a wonderful neighborhood and the people here are friendly and kind. We have made friends that we will have for life and our children have too. Today is a very sad day for my entire family and for the friends that we have made. Unfortunately, we have to move because we can no longer afford to pay for the house that we treasure so much. Times are tough in this country and although we thought we would make it, things have changed. I was once the manager of the town’s bank and I made a very good living. We have been able to live in this affluent white collar neighborhood, be part of the country club and send our kids to private school where they were around other kids with the same standard of living. I worked hard to earn the wage that I did and I moved up the ladder in a meticulous manner so that I could maintain stability and growth. I wanted to provide my wife and children with the best that life has to offer and I was successful until October 29th, 1929, Black Tuesday. That was a day that changed my future and my destiny. It was the day that the stock market crashed and that people lost much of what they had. It was the day that caused panic for everyone, but bank managers in particular were in a predicament that was not too pleasant. Money just seemed to disappear and everyone blamed us. What they didn’t understand is that a bank is a business and somehow we had to pay our bills too. We had lent money and lent money and lent money and now, as people couldn’t pay it back, we were really in a pickle. It was a tough day followed by a rougher few years. I saw people’s houses be taken from them and people were just crushed. I was not able to help because the bank didn’t have any more money to lend. Roosevelt had placed a temporary close on banks to figure out who could legitimately stay open and who had to close for good. My bank stayed open for a while, but the time came 3 months ago when the doors had to close. You see, what happened is that people got really comfortable spending their money and other people’s money. Borrowing started, lots of borrowing, and people no longer lived with debt. It became a way of life. Then, people wanted more and more stuff. This was all in the 1920’s by the way when all of these new things were being manufactured and people were in awe of the new technology. As people bought it, more stuff was made until there was too much stuff on the store shelves. People had started to smarten up a little bit and they stopped buying. Production continued and the businesses were paying the price for that over production. When businesses have to pay, they cut costs somewhere else. In this case, it was in laborers. So people got laid off and were now out of work. The whole thing spiraled out of control and devastated the entire country. At the time, Hoover was our President and although he gets blamed for a lot of this stuff, it wasn’t really him who was to blame. He could have been more alert to what was happening I guess, but it was hard for anyone to see. He lost the election last year when Roosevelt was brought in with the promise of the New Deal. The New Deal is the promise for everything to be put back together financially in the country. It is the promise for jobs and for businesses to get back on their feet and for the country to become prosperous again. Will it work? It is hard to say becuae we are in the beginning phases of it. Roosevelt is definitely doing what he can to help the American people though. He has puts programs in place that are funded by the federal government that will insure that another Black Tuesday doesn’t happen. He has the FDIC which insures people’s banks deposits, the Works Progress Administration to offer jobs building new highways, the Social Security Administration to help people who are elderly or retired and about 12 other programs beyond that. They are all there to offer education, work and insurance that people’s money is safe. I think it will be several years before we know what will come of all of this but we will keep our fingers crossed that things get better. I will actually benefit from Roosevelt’s new deal as I begin my job as a highway builder next week. It will not provide the private school education that my kids are used to, or the continuation at the country club, but it would be unfair if it did. It is not the government’s job to provide me with anything but I am really happy that it will help me provide food to my family. Right now, every little bit helps. I look at this opportunity as a way to appreciate what I had and to look forward to gaining it back one day. I will do that as things get better and people get more in touch with the realities of what they have. It will be a while before banks are trusted and there are some people who still hold me personally accountable for their losses. That is the worst feeling in the world because I pride myself on honesty and integrity. The highway building will be a good respite and a way for me to get in better touch with what I will do in the future. My children will begin in the public school on Monday too. It will be the beginning of our new life with all kinds of changing happening next week. They will go to a one room school instead of a school where each grade is separated. Their teacher seems so nice though and I think they will benefit from their time learning together instead of apart. They will go from 8am til 12 pm and return home for lunch and to do their homework, chores and play. What my wife and I have stressed to them is how lucky we are to have each other, good health, and grandparents who have a home big enough for all of us to stay in. There are many less fortunate than us who don’t have a place to go and they don’t have food to put on their table. That is the ultimate tragedy really, isn’t it? We will still have a radio to listen to and we will continue to dance the way that we used to at night after listen to Roosevelt’s fireside chat. We dance in hope that the promises he is making will come true and we dance to celebrate life. Some nights we listen to the baseball games and root for Babe Ruth. He is the ultimate baseball of all time. We also read together so that our minds can keep growing and as a way to entertain ourselves. Sometimes we act out the stories in our family just for fun. One of my daughters has a flare for the dramatic and she loves to be an actress. She loved going to the movies when we could afford it, and I can’t wait to be able to take her again when times are a little better. The other kids like to play baseball in the yard with the kids in neighborhood, climbing trees and swimming at the country club. I suppose we will have to go to the river to swim for the time being and the new experience will be a great one for all of us. What I want you to know as you read this letter is that times are tough and in history, people should be aware of how tough times are for some people and how they got that way. I hope that you cherish the people in your life more than the things that you can have and that you make sensible choices when spending money that you have worked hard for. I believe that people should try to live without debt for the trivial things in life. Clothing, cars and things of that nature should be paid for without using someone else’s money. I understand that houses are very expensive and that in normal circumstances people must borrow money for them and that one expense is the only one that should leave you owing someone else money. There will temptations in life and pressures from others to spend money you don’t have, but I beg of you not to do it. I am giving up my home tomorrow and I am thankful the most for the wife and children. The things we have accumulated are only reminders of how I could have saved that money and been paying for my home right now. Be grateful for health and cherish the smiles that you see as people pass you by. Maybe one day, I will rebuy this old home of ours, and maybe it will be one of my grandkids who opens this time capsule letter. That would be the ultimate gift, but for now, I can only hope that the people who move in here enjoy it as much as we did and that they have good fortune and prosperity. And 70 years from now, in 2007, I hope that all of Roosevelt’s new programs have worked and that we, in the worst of financial times, have made it right for future generations. Change is not a bad thing, it lays the groundwork for new and better times. Best wishes to you and your family. I hope that you enjoy our home as much as we did. Sincerely, Frank Rollins The Great Depression The Great Depression was caused by not just one event, but by a combination of factors that led to the Great Depression. These included the stock market crash of 1929, the failures of nine thousand banks, drought conditions in the Mississippi valley, also known as the Great Dust Bowl, in 1930 and American economic policies with Europe, including the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930, which reduces trade with Europe and contributed to an overall reduction in purchasing of durable goods. The stock market crash of 1929 was the event that sparked everything off. On September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a high of 381.2, a record high at the time.At the end of the market day on Thursday, October 24, the market was at 299.5, this was a twenty one percent drop in just under two months. In November of the same year, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was at 199. By the time 1932 was over, the market had lost over ninety percent of its value. Banks, at the time, were also largely unregulated and often loaned out more money than they had on hand. Brokerage firms would lend out none dollars for every dollar, their investors had deposited. This was called buying on a margin. When the market failed, these loans were called in and the investors had no way to pay.This was worsened when many loans could not be collected on and depositors demanded their money back. There was no such thing as the FDIC back then, and the banks depositors lost their entire savings when a bank failed. The dollar was also decreasing in value while the debit people had stayed the same. This caused banks to decrease lending, which in turn, disrupted businesses, causing job losses as these businesses failed as well. It was a vicious cycle made worse by runs on the banks. Bank runs are when people rush to withdraw their money from banks for fear of losing it if the bank was in financial trouble. When people were unemployed and fearful of the banks, they tried to withdraw money that simply w as not there.The Decline in the Supply of MoneyAs we have discussed, a chain of events led to the great depression one of those was a decline in the money supply. The table below will help understand better the status of the money supply before and after the great depression years. (Watkins, 2013) M1= The sum of currency in circulation and the level of demand deposits M2- The sum of M1 plus time depositsThe Money Supply and Consumer Price Index (CPI) Before and During the Great Depression Years Demand Currency Consumer M2 M1 Deposits in circulation Price Index YEAR ($bill) ($bill) ($bill) ($bill) (1947-49 =100) 1926 43.7 26.2 22.2 4.891927 44.7 26.1 22.1 4.85 74.2 1928 46.4 26.4 22.5 4.80 73.3 1929 46.6 26.6 22.7 4.75 73.3 1930 45.7 25.8 22.0 4.52 71.4 1931 42.7 24.1 20.0 4.82 65.0 1932 36.1 21.1 16.2 5.70 58.4 1933 32.2 19.9 14.8 5.72 55.3 1934 34.4 21.9 17.2 5.37 57.2 1935 39.1 25.9 21.1 5.57 58.7 1936 43.5 29.6 24.3 6.24 59.3 1937 45.7 30.9 25.3 6.45 61.4 1938 45.5 30.5 25.0 6.46 60.3 1939 49.3 34.2 28.1 7.05 59.4 1940 55.2 39.7 32.0 7.85 59.9 1941 62.5 46.5 38.1 9.61 62.9 1942 71.2 55.4 43.8 12.38Political DebateDuring the Great Depression, the political parties had some heated debates between each other to try and solve the crisis. Essentially the debates among parties during the great depression are not unlike the fiscal debates that have gone on since the parties’ inception. Fiscally conservative and liberal parties both have good points and have both been proven successful in the pas t. The problem is that both theories have also shown examples of failure. FDR originally took a fiscally conservative approach during the recession but soon adopted a new strategy.In April 1938 he took advice from Harry Hopkins and other advisers who believed that government spending on  relief and public works would revive the economy, even if it produced larger deficits. The idea was that the depression was the product of under-consumption and that giving consumers more money (â€Å"priming the pump†) would stimulate consumer spending and fix the economy’s recession. FDR asked Congress for a $5 billion relief program, which passed in the spring and summer of 1938. But it didn’t really have an effect because although this was an aggressive approach to the recession, it was still too conservative. The amount of $5 billion was too little to provide the necessary stimulus.

Gathered by the River, by Denise Levertov

Gathered by the River, by Denise Levertov The double shame in man's war against man is the residual effect on nature; an innocent ,helpless bystander. The sense of potential devastation is the prevailing tone throughout the poem,'Gathered by the River,' by Denise Levertov.The spoliation caused by nuclear war is not limited to the loss of human lives. Nature can take acomparable amount of time to recover from a nuclear holocaust. The impact of war victims to humankindis negligible as compared to years of recovery required to reinstate the slow-growing trees. WhenLevertov notes, 'the trees are not indifferent' (l 13), she is saying that nature has a huge stake in theoutcome of man's tendency towards self-destruction.'[I]f our resolves and prayers are weak and fail / there will be nothing left of their slow andinnocent wisdom' (ll 49-50), demonstrates the trees' awareness of how lengthy their recovery time canPortriat of Denise Levertovtake. They listen incredulously to mans' promises that he will not make this deadly mistake a gain, butworry he is too weak to honor their promises.Levertov is implying there should be harmony between man and nature and the nature of howmankind conducts itself can have long-range effects on the course of nature. For example, we now knowhow the destruction of the rain forest in South America is affecting the percentage of oxygen availablearound the globe. Man's wholesale destruction of these areas for financial gain, despite the negativeresults, is a study of the nature of man's inhumanity to man. Do we not all breathe, even those who fellthe trees?Man is not completely in control, however. Nature's ability to wreak havoc on the environmentof all living things in the form of earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters should be a wake-up callto humankind.

Edward H Angle

Edward H Angle Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico1EDWARD H.ANGLE - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico"Amante da Arte e da Natureza, amigo  ­ntimo de  ¡rvores e flores mas fundamentalmente fundadorda ci ªncia da Ortodontia,    qual deu o melhor pensamento de uma vida rica em experi ªncias eprovas"(Instituto Thomas W. Evans, homenagem a Edward Angle - 1915)A preocupa §Ã‚ £o do Homem com o crescimento e alinhamento dos dentes remete-nos ao Antigo Egipto (~3000 A.C), onde m ºmias foram encontradas com bandas de metal ligadas a dentesindividuais para diminuir o espa §o entre os mesmos, bem como, aparelhos ortod ´nticos primitivos esurpreendentemente bem elaborados, nas escava §Ã‚ µes gregas, etruscas e mexicanas (ver fig.n º1). (1) De acordo com Moyers (1988), Hip ³crates est ¡ entre os primeiros que comentaram sobredeforma §Ã‚ £o craniofacial: " Entre os indiv ­duos com cabe §as grandes e afiadas, alguns t ªm pesco §ose ossos fortes. Outros tà ‚ ªm palatos arqueados, dentes irregulares ou sem, e alguns s £o afectados pordores de cabe §a e de ouvidos" (tradu §Ã‚ £o nossa).€ medida que a Odontologia sedesenvolveu nos s ©culos XVIII e XIX, umgrande n ºmero de dispositivos para a"regulariza §Ã‚ £o dos dentes" e sistemas declassifica §Ã‚ £o foram descritos por v ¡riosautores e utilizados esporadicamente pordentistas da  ©poca. Contudo, a regula §Ã‚ £o dosdentes como alinhamento ortod ´ntico s ³ foiformalmente referida como tal a partir dePierre Fauchard (1678-1793), que  ©considerado o "pai da medicina dent ¡riamoderna" e Ortodontia com a inven §Ã‚ £o dabandeau ou bandolet em 1723. Esta foi aprimeira aplica §Ã‚ £o expansiva, consistindo numarco maxilar labial pesado de metal ao qual osdentes eram ligados.(1)Figura n º1 - Antigo cr ¢nio grego (cerca de 300 A.C)mostra o uso de fios de ouro para alinhar e estabilizar osincisivos mandibulares num adulto cuja maloclus £o foicomplicada por d oen §a periodontal (Fonte: Handbookof Ortodontics, 1988)Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico2Ao que chamamos hoje de oclus £o normal j ¡ tinha sido descrito no s ©culo XVIII por JohnHunter. Carabelli, na metade do s ©culo XIX, foi provavelmente aquele que primeiro descreveu umsistema de classifica §Ã‚ £o anormal no relacionamento entre as arcadas dent ¡rias superior e inferior,baseando-se na posi §Ã‚ £o dos incisivos e caninos:1. Mordex normalis - oclus £o normal com os incisivos superiores cobrindo e sobrepondo-seaos inferiores;2. Mordex rectus - rela §Ã‚ £o incisal de bordo a bordo;3. Mordex apertus - mordida aberta;4. Mordex retrusus - oclus £o cruzada ou invertida anterior;5. Mordex tortuosus - combina §Ã‚ £o anterior e posterior de mordidas cruzadas.O termo mordida topo a topo e overbite, s £o na realidade derivadas do sistema declassifica §Ã‚ £o de Carabelli.Ap ³s 1850, apareceram os primeiros tratados que descreveram a Ortodont ia de maneirasistem ¡tica sendo o mais not ¡vel destes o de Norman Kingsley - Oral Deformities. Segundo Wahl(2005), Kingsley influenciou significativamente a odontologia americana durante a  ºltima metade dos ©culo XIX.A Ortodontia, como especialidade, data dos princ ­pios do s ©culo passado. O termo(Orthodonsie) foi originado por um franc ªs chamado Lefoulon, aproximadamente na mesma  ©pocaem que o interesse por estes problemas se tornavam comuns. O ano de 1900 foi escolhido como oano em que se iniciou a especialidade mais antiga da Odontologia, sendo que foi neste mesmo anoque se fundou a Escola de Ortodontia de Angle em St. Louis, e no ano seguinte a SociedadeAmericana de Ortodontistas (Edward H. Angle foi o primeiro presidente) 2. Apesar das suascontribui §Ã‚ µes e de seus contempor ¢neos, a  ªnfase da Ortodontia permaneceu no alinhamento dosdentes e na correc §Ã‚ £o das suas propor §Ã‚ µes faciais. Numa  ©poca em que a denti §Ã‚ £o intacta era umar aridade, os detalhes de rela §Ã‚ µes oclusais eram considerados sem import ¢ncia.A figura mais dominante, din ¢mica e influente na ortodontia foi EDWARD HARTLEYANGLE (1855-1930) que desenvolveu um conceito de oclus £o normal no final do s ©culo XIX,baseando-se no estudo e observa §Ã‚ £o de cr ¢nios humanos e indiv ­duos vivos. Ele  © recordado como o"Pai da Ortodontia Moderna", tendo sido dos principais respons ¡veis pela separa §Ã‚ £o da ortodontia dapr ¡tica geral e afirmando-a como uma reconhecida e distinta ci ªncia.(4,5) Angle nasceu a 1 de Junhode 1855 em Herrick, Pensilv ¢nia. Depois de uma inf ¢ncia passada no campo, ingressou na escola deOdontologia da Pensilv ¢nia e graduou-se em 1878. Praticou Odontologia em Minneapolis,interessando-se pela correc §Ã‚ £o e deformidade dos maxilares. Os problemas com que se deparouestimularam-no a dedicar o resto da sua vida    Ortodontia.Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico3Em 1887, a presentou um artigo intitulado "Irregularities of the teeth". Este foi considerado aprimeira edi §Ã‚ £o de seu livro did ¡ctico, que passou por sete edi §Ã‚ µes, com tradu §Ã‚ £o para muitas l ­nguasestrangeiras.A s ©tima edi §Ã‚ £o foi publicada com os seguintes t ­tulos, sendo que os tr ªs primeiros foram emformato de panfletos:1) Irregularities of the teeth, 1887;2) A System of appliance for correcting of irregularities of the Teeth, 1890;3) The Angle system of regulating and retention of the teeth, 1892;4) The Angle system of regulation and retention of the teeth - with an addition of treatmentof fractures of the maxillae, 1895;5) Angle system of regulation and retention of the teeth and treatment of fractures of themaxillae, 1899;6) Malocclusion of the teeth and fractures of the maxillae, 1900;7) Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth, 1907.A classifica §Ã‚ £o de Angle, publicada na Dental Cosmos, permanece a classifica §Ã‚ £o maislargamente aceite de malo clus £o1. Baseada na rela §Ã‚ £o dos primeiros molares superiores com osinferiores, forneceu os primeiros meios para caracteriza §Ã‚ £o das maloclus µes e a aceita §Ã‚ £o universalpela classe m ©dica. Segundo Angle (1900), a c ºspide m ©sio-vestibular do primeiro molar superiorrepousa no sulco central vestibular do primeiro molar inferior e os dentes ocluem nos arcos demaneira alinhada, resultando numa oclus £o ideal. Deste modo, se a oclus £o fosse normal, n £oimportava como estavam relacionados os ossos maxilares, a musculatura ou a articula §Ã‚ £otemporomandibular.Angle descreveu tr ªs tipos b ¡sicos do que ele chamou de maloclus £o, representando desviosna dimens £o antero-posterior e afirma na sua  ºltima publica §Ã‚ £o:- "Examined carefully it will be seen that perfect occlusion is incompatible with any degree ofirregularity, but that the arrangement of the teeth must be even and regular, each contributingsupport to the others, all in perfec t harmony. Not only this, but the jaws, the muscles of mastication,the lips, and even the facial lines will then be in best harmony with the peculiar facial type of theindividual".1 Entenda-se por maloclus £o toda a discrep ¢ncia dento-dent ¡ria, dento-maxilar ou maxilomandibular.Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico4Existem certos princ ­pios nos quais a classifica §Ã‚ £o de Angle se baseou:a) O corpo mandibular com sua respectiva arcada dental deve ocupar um posicionamentonormal em rela §Ã‚ £o a anatomia craniana;b) O arco dent ¡rio maxilar, por estar constru ­do sobre uma base fixa em rela §Ã‚ £o a anatomiacraniana,  © mais ou menos est ¡vel em rela §Ã‚ £o aos v ¡rios limites da cabe §a.Consequentemente, poderia escolher-se um ponto atrav ©s do qual pudesse verificar e julgar arela §Ã‚ £o do arco dent ¡rio inferior.c) Seleccionou o primeiro molar superior, por acreditar que os mesmos ocupavam posi §Ã‚ µesnormais com maior freq u ªncia do que qualquer outro dente, e por que serem estes dentesmenos limitados para tomarem suas posi §Ã‚ µes na arcadad) Observou tamb ©m a rela §Ã‚ £o normal dos caninos que, devido ao seu tamanho, for §avam a suapassagem para dentro de posi §Ã‚ µes normais.Figura n º 2- Representa §Ã‚ £o da arcada dent ¡ria em oclus £o normal.Fonte: Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth and fractures of the maxillae : Angle's system (1900)Estes princ ­pios sustentam a divis £o da maloclus £o em tr ªs classes2, que apresentam asseguintes caracter ­sticas:Classe I: Maloclus µes caracterizadas por uma rela §Ã‚ £o anteroposterior normal dos primeiros molarespermanentes: a c ºspide mesio-vestibular do primeiro molar superior est ¡ no mesmo plano que osulco vestibular do primeiro molar inferior. Sendo as rela §Ã‚ µes sagitais normais, a situa §Ã‚ £o de2 "Angle introduziu o termo "classe" para caracterizar rela §Ã‚ µes mesodistais distintas dos dentes. Arca das dent ¡rias e os maxilares que dependiam da posi §Ã‚ £o sagital dos primeiros molares permanentes, considerando-os como pontos fixos da arquictetura craniofacial" - CANUT BRUSOLA; ALCINA, E.P. Ortodontia Cl ­nica. Barcelona: Salvat, 1989, pags 101 e ss.Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico5maloclus £o consiste nas m ¡s posi §Ã‚ µes individuais dos dentes, anomalias nas rela §Ã‚ µes verticais,transversais ou o desvio sagital dos incisivos.Classe II: Maloclus µes caracterizadas pela rela §Ã‚ £o sagital anormal dos primeiros molares: o sulcovestibular do primeiro molar permanente inferior est ¡ em posi §Ã‚ £o distal relativamente    c ºspidemesio-vestibular do molar superior. Toda a arcada maxilar est ¡ anteriormente deslocada ou a arcadamandibular est ¡ retru ­da em rela §Ã‚ £o    superior.Dentro da classe II, distinguem-se diferentes tipos ou divis µes:Classe II-, divis £o 1/divis £o 2: Distinguem-se pela posi §Ã‚ £o do s incisivos superiores. A classe II,divis £o 1, caracteriza-se por estar com os incisivos em protus £o, aumentando a projec §Ã‚ £o. Na classeII, divis £o 2, os incisivos centrais superiores est £o retroinclinados e os incisivos laterais cominclina §Ã‚ £o vestibular. Existe uma diminui §Ã‚ £o da projec §Ã‚ £o e um aumento da sobremordidainterincisiva.Classe II - completa/incompleta: De acordo com o graude desvio sagital dos molares, uma classe II completa  ©aquela que a c ºspide distovestibular do primeiro molarsuperior est ¡ ao n ­vel do sulco vestibular inferior. Umaclasse II incompleta  © uma m ¡ rela §Ã‚ £o de grau inferior emque as faces mesiais est £o no mesmo plano vertical.Figura n º3 - Representa §Ã‚ £o esquem ¡tica Classe IIFonte: Treatment of malocclusion of the teethand fractures of the maxillae : Angle's system (1900)Classe II unilateral/bilateral: A classe II pode afectar as duas arcadas, direita e esquerda ou afectarsomente um dos lados. No caso em que  © unilateral chama-se classe II subdivis £o (direita ouesquerda).Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico6Classe III: O sulco vestibular do primeiro molar inferior est ¡ localizado mesialmente em rela §Ã‚ £o   c ºspide mesiovestibular do primeiro molar superior. A arcada dent ¡ria mandibular est ¡ projectada, amaxilar retru ­da. Tamb ©m se pode falar numa subdivis £o nos casos em que s ³ um lado est ¡ afectado,direito ou esquerdo. A rela §Ã‚ £o incisiva est ¡ invertida com os incisivos superiores ocluindo por lingualcom os inferiores.A s ©tima e  ºltima edi §Ã‚ £o do seu livro,Tratamento da Maloclus £o dos dentes (1907), tornou-seno principal da sua profiss £o. Angle det ©m 37 patentes eas suas mais reconhecidas aplica §Ã‚ µes s £o o Arcoexpansivo (E-arch - 1900), a aplica §Ã‚ £o pin-and-tube(1910), o arco ribbon (1916) e aplica §Ã‚ £o edgewise(1928/1929). A  ºltima, com algumas modifica §Ã‚ µes,  ©uma das mais aceites em Ortodontia. O modeloEdgewise primeiramente apresentado por Angle,resultado da experi ªncia adquirida nos modelos anteriores, consistia numa forma modificada dosbraquetes e posi §Ã‚ £o dos slots, colocando-os num plano horizontal, em vez de vertical. Esta aplica §Ã‚ £oera mantida em posi §Ã‚ £o por delicados fios de a §o inoxid ¡vel.Sendo assim, para al ©m de uma vida dedicada    investiga §Ã‚ £o, Angle dedicou-se de formabastante interessada ao ensino e em exclusivo a partir de 1911. O aluno mais brilhante da sua escolatalvez tenha sido Charles H. Tweed, p ³s-graduado em 1928. Por esta altura, Angle contava com 73anos e, pela primeira vez, n £o estava    frente do curso, que foi ministrado de forma improvisada porGeorge Hahn. Tweed estava com 33 anos. Angle ficou desapontado pelo modo como o aparelhoEdgewise foi recebido e estava insatisfeito com as modifica §Ã‚ µes que foram introduzidas por algunsde seus alunos. Decidiu es crever um artigo descrevendo a aparelhagem. Como Tweed havia rec ©mterminado o curso, e Angle admirava sua habilidade, convidou-o para ajud ¡-lo. Durante 7 semanaseles trabalharam juntos e, nesse processo, tornaram-se grandes amigos. Angle fez dois importantespedidos a seu jovem disc ­pulo:1) dedicar sua vida ao desenvolvimento do aparelho Edgewise e2) empreender todo esfor §o poss ­vel para que a Ortodontia fosse reconhecida comoespecialidade da Odontologia.Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico7Tweed n £o desapontou o mestre. Assegurou a aprova §Ã‚ £o da lei que reconhecia a Ortodontiacomo primeira especialidade da Odontologia, nos Estados Unidos.Edward Angle foi apontado por muitos como o maior g ©nio da Ortodontia, foi um homemperfeccionista e extremamente imaginativo contribuindo de forma marcante para o desenvolvimentoda ci ªncia Ortod ´ntica. Sendo um homem de ideias fixas, defendeu at © morrer (11 de Agosto de1930) uma pol ­tica n £ o extracionista dos dentes na Ortodontia. Esta vis £o foi abandonada pelo seudisc ­pulo Tweed alguns anos p ³s sua morte, com a apresenta §Ã‚ £o de um artigo com estudos de v ¡rioscasos cl ­nicos10. Angle, destacou-se essencialmente pela forma e capacidade de aplica §Ã‚ £o dosprinc ­pios b ¡sicos da mec ¢nica ao movimento dos dentes, em harmonia com disciplinas como aFisiologia e a pr ³pria Arte, possibilitando um conhecimento aprofundado dos problemas, causas esolu §Ã‚ µes de maloclus µes. Pouco tempo antes de morrer, Angle afirmou: "Terminei a minha obra. ‰t £o perfeita como pude faz ª-la".(13)A Ortodontia evoluiu de forma extensa e hoje em dia inclui o estudo do crescimentocraniofacial, o desenvolvimento da oclus £o e o tratamento de anormalidades dentofaciais."‰ importante entender a hist ³ria. No caso, a hist ³ria de um peda §o, de uma fase da Ortodontia, porque parase entender o que est ¡ acontecendo no presente, ou o que ir ¡ acontecer no futuro,  © necess ¡rio analisar opassado."(Oliver Wendell Holmes)Artur Filipe Sim µes - Novembro de 2008Edward H. Angle - um g ©nio intelectual e mec ¢nico8Refer ªncias Bibliogr ¡ficas1. ACKERMAN, J. L., PROFFIT, W. R. "The Caracteristics of Malocclusion: a Modern approach to Classification and Diagnosis", Am. J. Ortho., 56 (5), 443-454, nov., 1969.2. WAHL, N. "Orthodontics in 3 millennia." (Chapter 2: Entering the modern era.) Am J OrthodDentofacial Orthop; 127:510-5; 2005.3. ANGLE, E. H. 5th ed. Philadelphia, S.S. White manufacturing Co., 1897 4. CHAPMAN, H. "Orthodontics: fifty years in retrospect". Am J Orthod; 41:421-42. 1955 5. WEINBERGER, BW. "Dr Edward Hartley Angle: his influence on orthodontics". Am J Orthod1950; 36:596-607.6. WAHL, N. "Orthodontics in 3 millennia." (Chapter 2: Entering the modern era.) Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop; 127:510-5; 2005.7. LA LUCE, MAURO. "Terapie Ortodontiche", 1 ª edi §Ã‚ £o, It ¡lia, Unione Tipografico, 200 2 (tr. it. de Alessandro Lombardi, Actualidades m ©dico odontol ³gicas latino americanas, Caracas -Venezuela, 2002)8. MOYERS, ROBERT. " Handobook of Orthodontics", 4 ª edi §Ã‚ £o, USA, Year book medical publishers, 1988.9. JACOBSON, B. N. Hist ³ria da Ortodontia nos Estados Unidos da Am ©rica. In: INTERLANDI, S.Ortodontia: bases para a inicia §Ã‚ £o. S £o Paulo: Ed. da USP, 1977.10. TWEED, C. H. "Clinical Orthodontics". St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1966. 11. ANGLE, E. H. "The latest and best in orthodontic mechanism".Dental Cosmos, Philadelphia, v.70, no. 12, p. 1143-1158, 1928.12. GRABER, T.; VANARSDALL, R. L. J. Orthodontics current principles and techniques. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 2000.13. HANH, G. W. "Edward Hartley Angle (1855-1930). Am J Orthodont, 51:529-535, 1965. 14. ANGLE EH. "Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillae, Angle'sSystem." 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: SS White Dental Manufacturing; 1900:5-15.15. CANUT BRUSOLA; ALCINA, E.P. Or todontia Cl ­nica. Barcelona: Salvat, 1989Dental needle-nose pliers designed by Fauchard in ...